孙中山自由观的历史命运

Historic Destiny of Dr. Sun Yatsen's View of Freedom

孙中山把从法国传来的自由、平等、博爱写在作为革命纲领的《军政府宣言》中,这在中国历史上是前所未有的革命创举,标志着中国已经完全走上了“西方的道路”。孙中山的自由观有一个发展演变的过程,即从强调“国民自由”开始,中经否定军人、官吏、党员的自由平等权利,最后转到“要大家牺牲自由”,去争取“国家自由”。否定党员在党纪国法范围内所应享有的自由平等权利,既挫伤了党员的革命积极性,又导致了党的分裂。争取“国家自由”虽然具有正当性,但把国家自由与人民自由对立起来却造成了严重后果。自由需要宪政制度来支撑。孙中山认同宪政,但因强调为国家争自由和自由“要附属于民权”,结果在中国出现的并不是西方式的宪政,而是东方式的威权统治。

The freedom, equality and caritas spread from France were written by Dr. Sun Yatsen in “Declaration of Military Government” which worked as the revolutionary principles. It is an unprecedented revolutionary pioneering work in Chinese history and marked that China had already gone on the “western route”. Dr. Sun Yatsen's view of freedom evolved first from the emphasis on the “civil freedom”, to the denial of the right for freedom and equality of the military, the bureaucracy and the Party members, and finally to the “sacrifice of freedom for the all”, so as to obtain the “state freedom”. The denial of the right for freedom and equality, which the Party members should take in the Party's disciplines and national law, not only harmed the members' enthusiasm but also led to the split of the Party. Though the strives for the “state freedom” was of just, the opposition of state freedom and people's freedom caused serious results. Freedom needs the support from the constitutional system. Sun Yatsen acknowledged the constitutional governance, but he acclaimed that the state should strive for freedom and freedom “should be attached to the civil rights”, which resulted in the eastern rule by the right instead of the western constitutional governance.