《资本论》异化观新探——与《1844年手稿》异化观的比较研究

New Tidbits on Dissimilation View in “Capital”: A Comparison with Dissmilation View in “1844 Manuscript”

长期以来,在异化理论与马克思主义哲学的关系上,流行着两种代表性观点:一种观点认为,异化理论是马克思早期著作(以《1844年经济学哲学手稿》为代表,以下简称《手稿》)中的不成熟思想,他创立唯物史观之后就根本抛弃了这一思想,并用新的科学概念替代了“异化”概念;另一种观点则认为,早期《手稿》中的人本主义异化观是马克思异化理论的“思想顶峰”,后来的唯物史观著作对异化问题的继续探索,是一个“创造力下降”的退化过程。这两种观点貌似合理,实际上都是对马克思异化理论的根本曲解,它们都根本忽视了马克思后来的科学著作(特别是《资本论》及其手稿)对早期异化观基本思想的直接继承和重大发展。事实上,《资本论》及其手稿对异化问题的新探索,与早期《手稿》异化观之间,绝不是“断裂”关系,而是继承创新关系。它们既直接继承了早期异化观的基本思想,也在《手稿》初步探索的基础上,立足于唯物史观、剩余价值学说两大发现,赋予“异化”新的思想内容,填补了早期异化观的重大空白,使异化理论趋于完备和系统化。

Since a long time ago, there have been two striking viewpoints in the relation of dissimilation theory and Marxist philosophy. One viewpoint believed that the dissimilation view was represented by Marx's early work, the “1844 Manuscript for Economics and Philosophy”, in which, the immature thought was discarded when he set up the materialistic view of history; the other viewpoint believed that the dissimilation view in the early “Manuscript” was the “thought climax” of Marx's dissimilation theory, and his later works of materialistic view of history is a further exploration and yet retrogressed the dissimilation view. Though either is reasonable, they are in fact the distortion of Marx's dissimilation theory, they neglect that Marx's later works (especially the “Capital” and its manuscript) are the direct heritage and big development of the basic ideology of early dissimilation view. In fact, “Capital” and its manuscript is a new exploration on dissimilation, and inherits and creates with the early “Manuscript”, issues new content to “dissimilation” and makes dissimilation theory perfect and systematic.