农户经营行为及其对生态环境的影响

Farm households' behaviors and its eco-environmental effect

20世纪70年代我国农村实行了家庭联产承包责任制,使农户成为了农业生产经营最基本单元,对农户经营行为的研究是解决“三农”问题的基础。农户不合理的经济活动与生态环境恶化有着直接的、必然的联系。从农户的经营行为动机出发,分析影响农户经济行为的主要因素及其对生态环境的影响已成为热点问题。农户经营行为与环境保护的矛盾主要表现在三个方面:(1)农户经营行为的短期性与环境影响的长期性;(2)农户经营行为的个体性与环境资源的共享性;(3)农户经营行为的针对性与环境政策的普适性。今后进一步研究的热点领域包括四个方面,其一是农户经营行为的政策影响机制研究;其二是对农户经营行为的环境影响过程的跟踪研究;其三是对农户经营行为环境影响的定量模拟研究;其四是探讨基于生态环境保护的农户经营行为最佳模式。改善生态环境的根本在于建立人类与自然界的和谐关系,使人们在追求经济效益的同时,考虑社会效益和生态环境效益。

In the 1970s, the Chinese government initiated a program called ＂the household contract responsibility system＂. Farm households have become the fundamental unit of agricultural production since then. Great attention was paid to peasants＇ economic income from agricultural production while little was paid to the agro-environment. Because agriculture production is more and more dependent on the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, economic growth came with a heavy cost to the environment in the past decades. Environmental problems resulting from both human activity and natural factors have become the focus of environmental studies. Based on analyzing the motions of households＇ behavior, the relevant factors of farm households＇ behaviors was enumerated and the relationship between farmers＇ economic behavior and the agro-environment was analyzed. Irrational households＇ economic activities inevitably result in eco-environmental degradation. This paper discusses the contradiction between farm households＇ behaviors and the eco-environment including： （1） the transitory nature of farmers＇ behaviors versus their permanent environmental impact, （2） the individualism of farm households＇ behaviors versus the common characteristics of environmental resources, （3） the specificity of farm households＇ behaviors versus the universality of the environmental policy. Based on this analysis, this paper presents the most significant topics in farm households＇ behaviors and eco-environment, including： （1） the mechanisms by which farmers＇ behaviors are impacted through policy, （2） the follow-up research of the environmental impact of farmers＇ behaviors; （3） the quantitative modeling of the impact of farmers＇ behaviors towards eco-environment; （4） the best model of farm household behavior based on ecological environmental conservation. The most important consideration to improve the eco-environmental condition is the social and environmental effect, while seeking economic benefit. A ＂win-win＂ policy aiming at improving both farm households＇ income and eco-environmental quality is required.