亨利八世宗教改革对英国大学地位的影响

Influences of the Information Initiated by Henry VIII on the Status of English Universities

在世俗权威和宗教权威并存的中世纪,牛津大学和剑桥大学在本质上属于教会机构,不受世俗政权管辖,历经两百多年的发展之后,至15世纪后半期,它们已经变成直辖于教皇并享有许多特权的自治团体;16世纪30年代,亨利八世发动宗教改革,取代教皇成为英国教会的最高首脑,统辖权延伸至原归教会管辖的领域,两所大学不仅理所当然地转归国王管辖,而且逐渐被推向了服从国家管理、为现实政治和宗教服务的道路。

In Middle Ages, during which the social authority and ecclesiastical authority coexisted, the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge were essentially ecclesiastical institutions, without responding for the Secular State. After more than two hundred years, these two Universifies had developed into automatic communities, which were under the direct jurisdiction of the Papacy and enjoyed many privileges; During the 1630s, Henry Ⅷ initiated English information, whereby the Crown became Head of the State and also of the Church, and his jurisdiction extended into the areas subordinated to the Church. Therefore, these two universities not only carae to be under the direct jurisdiction of the Crown, but also came to be pushed onto the road to be governed by the State and serve the real polities and religion.