巴赫金语言哲学观的渊源与走向

The Origin and Orientation of Bakhtin's Linguistic Philosophy

巴赫金一生中的创作涉及现象学、社会学、语言学和历史文学等不同领域,组成了一个错综复杂的综合体。其语言学观主要表现为他的超语言学理论,而其精髓又是他的话语理论。巴赫金的语言学思想首先是从批判传统语言哲学理论开始的,特别是对弗洛伊德主义和形式主义的批判,同时,巴赫金又以新康德主义和马克思主义等哲学思想为指导,此外,俄罗斯的民族精神也对其哲学思想产生了一些影响,形成了其独特的语言哲学基础。

In all his life, Mikhail Bakhtin probed into many fields such as phenomenology, sociology, linguistics and historical literature, which gives rise to a complex synthesis. The theory of utterance is regarded as the pith of his translinguistic theory. Bakhtin＇s translinguistics begins with his criticism on traditional linguistic-philosophical theories, especially on Freudianism and formalism. At the same time, Bakhtin is also influenced by New-Kantism and Marxism. At last, Muscovite ethos also effects in his linguistic philosophy to some degree. The combination of different strands of thought forms the foundation of Bakhtin＇s unique linguistic philosophy. However, his criticisms should not be regarded as objective, hence not a very challenge to his targets, such as Saussure, Humboldt and the Russian formalists. His linguistic philosophy is stained with the color of his own ideology, some kind of detraction to the glamour of his philosophy.