公正论题:马克思中国化的当下政治话语

The Thesis of Justice: Present Chinese Political Discourses on Marx's Philosophy

有关公正论题,西方马克思主义者曾经展开过要么主张马克思为资本主义公正辩护要么认为马克思批判资本主义不公正的激烈思想论战。对于这种论战进行细节性分析,我们参照马克思的唯物史观,应该对公正论题采取一种批判—建构的整体分析方法。由此进入马克思中国化的当下政治话语,从中可以辨识出我国学者关于公正论题的三条理论线索:最小化公正命题虽然不完全忽视整个社会公正问题,但出于发展效率或活力考虑,认为资本剥削符合公正理念;最大化公正命题尽管不排斥有活力的物质财富积累,但基于对广泛的社会不公现象的观察,更为强调公正价值理想追求的批判意义;过渡性公正命题则诉诸主流意识形态,把公正价值实现贯穿于形式公正与实质公正相互统一的公共制度安排。鉴于最小化公正命题与最大化公正命题之间存在某些理论差异,本文强调要在承认马克思的唯物史观包含公正观念的理论基础上,沿着过渡性公正命题线索,在实然与应然相统一的辩证道德实践意义上完善马克思中国化的公正理论,以推动公正价值实现的道德实践运动。

In recent decades, western neo-Marxists debate about the thesis of justice, have concerned with whether Marx was in justification of capitalism or against the injustice inherent in capitalist society. After analyzing the dispute in details, a critic-constructive method should be applied to the thesis of justice according to Marx's historical materialism. By the method, three theoretical lines on justice may be distinguished in present Chinese discourses on Marx's political philosophy. The first is the minimum proposition of justice, which is to argue the just exploitation of capital whereas not ignoring the totally social justice. The second is the maximized one, which is to ideally pursue the value kingdom of justice in criticism of social injustice whereas not rejecting the active accumulation of material wealth. The third is the transitional one, which appeals to the mainstream ideology as to run the justice principle through the public institutionalization uniting the formal equality and visceral one. Herein some distinctions exist between the maximum and maximized propositions, alongside the transitional proposition, and while acknowledging Marx's ideal of justice embodied in his historical materialism, it should be emphasized that Chinese Marxists make more attempts to consummate Marx's thought on justice in a sense of the dialectical morality consolidating what it is and what it ought to be, and to advance the moral movement of practice for the justice value.