东方铃蟾在黑龙江省的现状与保护

Current Situation and Protection of Oriental Fire-bellied Toad in Heilongjiang Province

2002—2006年通过样方法、样线法及访问调查，对黑龙江省32个县（市、区）东方铃蟾（Bornbina orientalis）的分布范围、栖息环境、种群状况、食物组成以及人工养殖等方面进行了调查分析。结果表明，东方铃蟾在黑龙江省主要分布于东南山地的尚志、延寿、宾县、阿城、绥芬河、宁安、海林等地，栖息在山溪的石下、草丛或路边、半山坡上的小水坑、石头坑等处，产卵场的种群密度为2．8只／m^2；东方铃蟾的食物以膜翅目和双翅目昆虫为主，其出现频率分别为46．97％和39．75％，此外，半翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、蜘蛛目、中腹足目的动物也占有一定比例，而蜻蜓目和直翅目所占比例较小；实验室条件下可以对东方铃蟾进行人工饲养，死亡率较低，成体能存活2年以上，食物以黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor）和蚯蚓为主，并能抱对产卵。由于人类活动造成的栖息地片段化，环境污染造成的栖息地质量下降以及干旱的气候条件等因素，东方铃蟾的分布范围和种群数量均呈缩减的趋势，因此建议加强立法、宣传教育和管理的力度，减少环境污染和人为活动对东方铃蟾栖息地的破坏，同时积极开展人工养殖方面的研究，解决饲料、繁殖、成活率等关键养殖技术。在保护的基础上开展合理利用。

The habitat, distribution, population, food, and captive breeding of Oriental fire-bellied toad （ Bombina orientalis） were studied in 32 counties （districts） of Heilongjiang Province by using the methods of plots,line transects and field observations during 2002 to 2006. The results revealed that Oriental fire-bellied toad, mainly distributed in southeast area of Shangzhi, Yanshou,Binxian,Acheng,Suifenhe, Ningan and Hailin counties, and lived daily in the tussock, under the stone, along the brook, puddle, rock-pit, road and brae. The population density was n = 2. 8 mE in the spawning section. They preferred to eat the insects of Hymenoptera and Diptera, with the occurrence frequency of 46. 97% and 39.75 %. Besides, they also ate some of Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepideoptera, Araneida and Mesogastropoda, and little bit Odonata and Orthoptera. The species could be kept in captivity, where the toad reached a lower death rate, with the adults＇ survival exceeding 2 years, by feeding the yellow mealworm （ Tenebrio molitor） and earthworms. The captive toads could amplexus and spawn. Due to the human disturbance, the habitat fragmentation, environment pollution, habitat degradation, and droughty climate, the Oriental fire-bellied toad population and the distribution was declining in the wild. To protect and reasonably use the toad resource, the paper suggests that, it will be very important to strengthen the legislation, education and management. It is also urgent to stop the environment pollution and the habitat destruction. At the same time, it would be recommendable to develop the captive population by using and improving the techniques in captive feeding and breeding,in order to reduce the pressures on natural population.