1Dermot J.Kelly,Mrcpi Ffarcsi,Mahmood Ahmad,et al.Preemptive analgesia Ⅱ:recent advances and current trends[J].Canadian Journal of Anesthesia,2001,48(11):1091.
2Launo C,Bassi C,Spagnolo L,et a1.Preemptive ketamine during general anesthesia for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J].Minerva Anesthesiol,2004,70(10):727.
3KissinI.Preemptive analgesia at the crossroad[J].Anesth Analg,2005,100(3):754.
4Petrenko A B,Yamakura T,Baba H,et al.The role of N-methy1-d-as-partate receptors in pain:A review[J].Anesth Analg,2003,97(10):1108.
5Willert R P,Woolf C J,Hobson A,et al.The development and maintenance of human viseral pain hypersensitivity is dependent on the Nmethyl-d-aspartate receptor[J].Gastroenterology,2004,l26(5):683.
6McCartney C J L,Sinha A,Katz J.A qualitative systematic review of the role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists in preventive analgesia[J].Anesth Analg,2004,98(6):1385.
8Grond S,Sablotzki A.Clinical Pharmacology of Tramadol[J].Clin Pharmacokinet,2004,43(13):879.
9Altunkaya H,Ozer Y,Kargi E,et al.The postoperative analgesic effect of tramadol when used as subcutaneous local anesthetic[J].Anesth Analg,2004,99(5):1461.
10Kwok R F,Lim J,Chan M T,Gin T,Chiu W K.Preoperative ketamine improves postoperative analgesia after gynecologic laparoscopic surgery[J].Anesth Analg,2004,98(4):1044.
2Lee CR,McTavish D,Sorkin EM.Tramadol: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in acute and chronic pain states[].Drugs.1993
3Li P,Zhuo M.Silent glutamatergic synapses and nociception in mamm-alian spinal cord[].Nature.1998