从事实到规范:物权法民意基础的实证研究——以土地问题为中心

From Facts to Norms:Positive Research into Social Foundations of Real Rights Law——Taking Land Problems as Center to Debate

以社会调查数据为判断标准,物权法对土地制度发展的事实,既有呼应,也有背离、漠视、逃避和模糊。呼应主要包括:明确坚持保护私有财产;妥善规定承包经营权的流转、登记的效力、土地使用权到期后的处理等。背离表现为:继续强调集体土地所有权。漠视表现为:未规定建设用地使用权的类型和取得时效;未明确承认宅基地使用权、集体建设用地使用权的流转等。逃避表现为:未能明确统一登记的具体机构及其设置等。模糊表现为:未能清楚界定征收条件、征收中物权的变动时间、登记审查等。

Judging from the social investigation data, the real right law partly reflects the social development that includes protecting private property, providing the transfer of leasehold right, validity of registration, as well as the result it has when real rights for usufruct extinguish. It departs from the facts when it emphasizes collective ownership of land. It disregards the facts because it does not provide the kinds of real rights for usufruct in collective land, adverse possession, etc. It retreats from reality when it does not provide unified institution of registration. It blurs facts because it defines neither the condition of taking for public use, nor the time of transfer and registration check.