从句尾“了”到词尾“了”——《祖堂集》《三朝北盟会编》中“了”用法的发展

From Sentence-Final le to Verb-Final le:The Usage Development from le in Zutangji to le in Sanchao Beimeng Huibian

本文将类型学中完成体与完整体的区分应用于汉语体貌标记从句尾“了”到词尾“了”的历时研究,追踪从《祖堂集》到《三朝北盟会编》“了”用法的变化,发现“V了VP2”由以事件先后关系为主发展成以广义因果关系为主,《祖堂集》的“VO了VP2”到《三朝北盟会编》的“V了OVP2”也发生了同样变化。“V了O”主要出现在原因与结果小句,说明词尾“了”在《三朝北盟会编》中主要功能还是完成体。即便现代汉语词尾“了”的基本功能是完整体,但仍保留了某些完成体的用法;句尾“了”的基本功能是完成体,有些用法趋近于完整体。

This paper conducts a diachronic research on the sentence-final le and verb-final le with the application of the distinction of the perfect aspect from the perfective aspect in typology, and traces the change in the use of le from Zutangji to Sanchao Beimeng Huibian. It is discovered that the use of ＂V le VP2＂ to indicate the causality in a broad sense had developed from the usage of showing the temporal order of events. The same change in meaning can be witnessed from ＂V O/e VP2＂ in Zutangji to ＂V le O VP2＂ in Sanchao Beimeng Huibian. The fact that ＂V le O VP2＂ mainly appeared in the clauses of reason and result shows that the main function of verb-final le in Sanchao Beimeng Huibian was remained to be an indicator of the perfect aspect. Even though the basic function of verb-final le in Modem Chinese is perfective, it keeps several usages as an indicator of the perfect aspect. The basic function of sentence-final le in Modern Chinese is perfect, but several usages are getting close to a perfective aspect indicator.