机会主义、价格诚信与制度安排

Opportunism,Price,Credit and Institution Arrangement

价格失信行为的根本原因在于人性中的机会主义倾向,而机会主义行为得以实施必需两个条件:第一,机会主义行为产生的前提是信息不对称。现实社会中,信息是不对称的,一般说,卖方比买方具有更多关于商品价格方面的信息,卖方就可能利用自己的信息优势欺骗买方;第二,机会主义行为产生的动机在失信收益大于失信成本。所以,通过相应的制度安排,消解机会主义产生的前提——信息不对称、抑制机会主义产生的动机——较高的收益预期,是减少和杜绝价格失信的关键。

The absence of credit in price is mainly attributed to oppoaunism inclination of human nature. Opportunism behaviors come into force relying on two conditions： First, the prerequisite of opportunism behavior is asymmetric information. In real society, information is asymmetric. Generally speaking, a seller may possess more information about commodity price than a buyer, and then a seller with information advantage may deceive a buyer. Second, the motives of opportunism behavior are depended on that the benefit exceeds the cost of being dishonest. In order to eliminate the prerequisite of opportunism behavior-- asymmetric information and to constrain the motives of opportunism behavior--higher benefit expeetations, some institution arrangements must be established.