大坝运行过程中泄水对坝下游生态系统的影响分析及控制

Analysis and Control of Impacts of Water Discharge during Large Dam Operation on the Downstream Ecosystem

大坝运行过程中泄水会对坝下游生态系统产生负面影响,体现在河道生态环境、洪泛区生态环境和河口生态环境中水文水力情势、河道形态和地貌、水质、原有生物生存和繁衍环境等发生变化,生物种类和数量减少,生物多样性降低。因此有必要对河道区、洪泛区和河口区进行水文水质监测、地下水水位监测、鱼类及水生生物监测、动植物种类和生境调查等;同时,确保大坝下游河段环境流量、制定合理的泄水调度方案和实施坝下游生态系统恢复,以期控制负面影响,使坝下游生态系统逐渐呈良性循环。

Water discharge during large dam operation has negative effects on the ecosystem downstream the dam. These effects include the alteration of river hydrology and morphology, water quality, habitats for original plants and animals, and reduction of biodiversity. Thus, it is necessary to monitor hydrology and water quality of downstream river, underground water table, fish and other aquatics, and investigate the species and habitat of plants and animals in the region of river, floodplain and estuary. Meanwhile, in order to alleviate the negative effects, the effective strategies such as ensuring environmental flow （EF） of downstream river the dam, establishing reasonable water discharge control scheme, and restoring downstream ecosystem are presented.