留学生与西方科学管理思想在中国的传播

On returned Students and the Spread of Modern West Scientific Management Thought in China

西方现代科学管理思想诞生于19世纪末20世纪初,“科学管理之父”是美国的泰罗,其标志性著作是《科学管理原理》。1911年该书出版后很快引起在美中国留学生的注意,茅以升等首先选修了科学管理课程,以穆藕初、杨杏佛为代表的中国留学生还及时把这一先进的管理思想传播到中国:1.1916年中华书局出版了穆藕初翻译的以《工厂适用的学理学的管理法》为书名、泰罗的《科学管理原理》。这是中国近代最早的一部科学管理理论译著。2.在穆藕初译完《科学管理原理》尚未出版之际,1915年11月杨杏佛在《科学》(由中国留学生在美国创办)第一卷第11期发表了《人事之效率》论文,题目即源自于泰罗的《科学管理原理》。1918年杨杏佛获得MBA学位回国后,就在当年《科学》11月号以“本期要目”头条地位推出了《科学的管理法在中国之应用》一文。3.林和成、张廷金、杨端六、王抚洲等留学生也先后出版了一批介绍科学管理思想的著作。4.留学生还在1930年6月成立了以留学生孔祥熙为理事长的“中国工商管理协会”,即“中国科学管理学会”,编印“科学管理”丛刊,创办《工商管理月刊》,开办工商管理补习学校,成立科学管理服务部等。5.留美心理学博士何清儒等发起成立“中国人事管理学会”,开展人才培训、方法试验等。6.留学生们还通过创办或经营德大纱厂、商务印书馆、上海商业储蓄银行、金城银行、东亚公司与永利碱厂等近代民族资本比较集中的纺织、面粉、烟草、火柴、航运等实业,运用和完善科学管理思想,改革企业管理制度,提高了企业生产率,增强了企业竞争力。尤需肯定的是留学生们在传播科学管理思想的过程中,从一开始就没有完全照搬西方的一套,而是根据中国国情和本企业的情况,把科学管理思想与中国的实际相结合,推行科学管理,推动了企业文化建设,为中国人学习国外先进科技与管理思想积累了经验,促进了中国企业管理的近代化。

The thought of modern western scientific management originated in the late 1890s and the early 20th century. The Father of Scientific Management is taylor, and American, whose marked work is ＂ Principles of Scientific Management＂. Soon after released in 1911, it aroused the attention of Chinese returned students in America. Mao Yi-sheng and the others first took scientific management as an elective course. The returned students, represented by Mu Ou-chu and Yang Xing-fu, introduced the thought to China in time. 1. In 1916, by the name of ＂Management Methods of Doctrine Studies Applied to Factories＂, ＂ Principles of Scientific Management＂ was translated by Mu Ou-chu and published by Zhong Hua Book Company, which was the first modern Chinese translation work o theories of scientific management. 2. When ＂ Principles of Scientific Management＂ was finished translating and waited to be issued, the thesis ＂Efficiency of Human Affairs＂ by Yang Xing-fu was released in the 1 lth edition of volume No. 1 of Science （ created by Chinese returned students in America） in 1915, whose topic arose from ＂Principles of Scientific Management＂. In 1918, when Yang Xing-fu gained MBA and returned to homeland, his article ＂Application of Scientific Management Methods in China＂ was issued in the first place of headlines of Science. 3. A series of books introducing scientific management thought came out successively written by returned students, such as Lin Cheng-he, Zhang Ting-jin, Yang Duan-liu, Wang Fu-zhou. 4. In June, 1930, returned students founded Industrial and Commercial Management Association of China, with Kong Xiang-xi as the director, which is also called Scientific Management Society of China. They compiled and printed a series of books on scientific management, started monthly journal of Commercial Management, ran continuation school of commerical management and established service department of scientific management. 5. Returned students with Doctor＇s degree of Psychology, such as He Qing-ru, set up Personnel Management Society of China and carried out talent training and method trial. 6. Returned students applied and perfected the scientific management thought by running enterprises in spinning and weaving, flour, tobacco, match, shipping, where modern national capital was centralized, such as cotton mills, The Commercial Press, Shanghai Commercial Deposit Bank, Jincheng Bank, Eastern Asian Company and Yongli Alkali Factory. Thus, business management system was reformed, productivity was raised and competitiveness was enhanced. Especially it should be affirmed that from the very beginning, returned students didn＇t copy the western mode, but combined scientific management thought with Chinese reality according to the situation of China and its enterprises. They pursued scientific management, propelled the construction of enterprise culture, accumulated experiences for the Chinese in learning foreign advanced technology and management thought and promoted the modernization of Chinese enterprise management.