中东国家政教关系的变化对民主实践的影响(上)

Change of Political-Religious Relation and Its Effect on Democracy in the Middle East (1 of 2)

制度分化的强弱与否是分析和判断政教关系状况的重要尺度。在中东伊斯兰国家,政教关系的变化表现为政教一体、政教合一、政教分离和事实上的政教分离等多种类型,它们对民主实践的作用各异。政教一体和政教合一对民主的实践起到抑制作用,但是,不同国家在一定的制度分化前提下,又存在进行有限民主试验的可能,诸如伊朗在教权主宰下(法基赫制)进行的民主探索。政教分离和事实上的政教分离为中东国家推行民主化创造了更多的可能性,但是,世俗化并不等于直接导向民主化的坦途。在中东地区,世俗化与民主化是不同步的,从世俗化到民主化,通常还经历权威主义阶段。

The extent of strong and weak of the systematic division is an important standard to judge the situation of political-religious relation. The characters of the political-religious relation in the Middle East countries expressed such kinds of types: integrating politics and religion, combining politics and religion into one, separating politics and religion, and de facto dividing of politics and religion, and they have different impacts on democracy. The two former can restrain the development of democracy. But in some countries like Iran, some limited democracy practices can also be allowed under these two kinds of political-religious relations. The phenomenon of de facto dividing of politics and religion has made that it is possible to conduct democracy test in the Middle East countries.It doesn’t mean that securitization can lead directly to democratization. In the Middle East, the securitization and democratization didn’t occur together.Generally, there is a stage of authoritarian from securitization to democratization.