“自由意志”——《论人类不平等的起源和基础》中的“自然”概念

“Free Will”——the Concept of “Nature” in “Discourse on Origins and Foundations of Inequality among Men”

启蒙时代的思想家们往往把一切都放在理性的审判席上来加以评判,对“自然”概念的认识亦是如此,他们大多把“自然”与“蒙昧”、“动物本能”联系到一起。然而,卢梭作为启蒙运动思想界的一只奇葩,却从人性完满的角度对此进行了精心的预设,他把“自然状态”视为批判现代社会腐朽与堕落的参考系,把“自然”视为人性完满与和谐的终极依据。卢梭在“自然”概念中添加了“自由意志”与“可完善性”的特质,并且更多地把“自然”与“自由意志”的概念联系起来,但是,在人的“自然本性”与“自由意志”之间他并没有偏向任何一方,而是使双方达到一种微妙的平衡。

The Enlightenment thinkers always judge everything in the light of rationality, such as the concept of ＂Nature＂. They equalize it with ＂Obseuration＂, ＂Instinct＂. However, as a unique role in the ideological field of the Enlightenment, Rousseau deliberately presupposes the concept of ＂Nature＂ from the angle of the completeness of Humanity. He thinks ＂Natural State＂ as reference point to criticize modem society and sees ＂Nature＂ as the ultimate evidence. Rousseau adds ＂Free Will＂ and ＂Perfec- tion＂ to the concept of ＂Nature＂, and links the concept of ＂Nature＂ to ＂Free Will＂. But, between ＂Instinct＂ and ＂Free Will＂, Rousseau remains justice and balances both. On the base of clearing up the concept of ＂Nature＂, this paper further analyses the character of Equalization Theory in the thought of ＂Free Will＂.