潜流一千五百载的“梵我同一”——对印度哲学的反思

"Brahman is Atman" Undercurrent 1500 Years——Reflection on the Indian Philosophy

一直以来学界认为“梵我同一”的思想是印度婆罗门教正统的核心思想,上可追溯到梵书、奥义书时期。并认为印度大乘佛教的涅槃、佛性、如来藏等思想是受到婆罗门教的“梵我同一”的思想影响产生的。本文则认为“梵我同一”的思想从其产生起到吠檀多派中兴,期间的一千五百年都是处于“地下潜流”状态。这种思想并没有成为对当时婆罗门教及非正统派别产生过实际影响的哲学观点。真正处于“地上明流”状态的是被佛教、顺世论等非正统派别极力批判的与婆罗门教“三大纲领”相关的实体性的“我”和人格性造物主的“大梵天”的思想。因此后来吠檀多派所弘扬的“梵我同一“的思想模式实际是先被大乘佛教涅槃学挖掘出来的思想资源,是大乘佛教的独立发明。日本“批判佛教”的说法实是因为带了“梵我同一”的“透视镜”观察印度哲学史而产生的误解。

It is known that ＂Brahman is Ataman＂ is the basic view of Upanishads, and the thoughts of Buddhism＇s Nirvana and Tathagatagarbha are under the influence of ＂Brahman is Atman＂. But this paper claims that from the starting point of the view to the period of Vedanta, ＂Brahman is Atman＂ did not bring about any actual influenee on Brahmanism and other heterodox schools. On the other hand, the ideas of substantial Atman and personality Brahma had the actual influence on the Orthodox and unorthodox schools at that time. So we can say that the view of Nirvana and Tathagatagarbha were the Buddhism＇s own philosophy.