入上海与居上海——论清末士人在城市的私谊网络(1895—1911)

Entering and Living in Shanghai——the Network of Personal Relationship of Scholars in Late Qing Dynasty (from 1895 to 1911)

传统王朝时代士人依托于“乡土社会”,依靠他们的血缘、地缘、学缘等构成的私谊网络和在此基础上派生出的一整套文化/权力结构来获得他们对于社会和国家的权力。可是明中期以后,在“乡土社会”的层面上,已经另外发展出一个“城市社会”。到清末,这个“城市社会”使得士人们的私谊网络产生了各种深刻的嬗变。1895—1911年士人入上海和居上海的历程正是这些变化的集中反映,清末士人们为何往城市去,有人留下,有人离开,留下的如何开展其在城市中的日常生活。这“去”、“留”、“离”和“开展”之间无一不和私谊网络之嬗变息息相关。

Scholars in traditional dynasties relied on the personal friendship network and related cultural and power structure to acquire their rights of the country and society during the traditional dynasties.Till the mid and late Ming dynasty,an urban society grew and it brought great changes to the friendship network.The process of entering and living in Shanghai from 1895 to 1911 reflected these changes intensively,all of which had much to do with the evolvement of this network of personal relationship.