当代中国的环境政策:形成、特点与评价

Environmental Policies in China: Evolvement,Features and Evaluation

当代中国环境政策的形成是在1972年联合国人类环境会议后开始起步,1979年到2006年得到快速发展。中国环境政策十分注意吸取发达国家的经验教训,密切结合中国国情,其主要特点有:①充分运用命令-控制手段;②努力推动筹集环保资金;③着力明确谁应承担保护环境的责任;④不断鼓励“防治结合”和“综合利用”;⑤较早体现对外开放和国际合作。30多年来,中国环境政策逐步演变并深化:地位从基本国策到可持续发展战略,重点从偏重污染控制到污染控制与生态保护并重,方法从末端治理到源头控制,范围从点源治理到流域与区域的综合治理,手段从以行政命令为主导到以法律、经济手段为主导。文章最后介绍了国际社会对于这些政策的基本评价,展望了中国环境政策的未来。

This article reviews the development of current environmental policies in China： their initiation started following the United Nations Conference on Human Environment （ 1972 in Stockholm）, and got great progress during 1979 - 2006. Leaming lessons from industrialized countries and combining own situation, China＇s environmental policies have the main features as below： ①explore command and control measures to its fidl extent; ②strive to raise funding for environmental protection; ③identify who should take the accountability for environmental protection, ④encourage ＂combination of prevention and control＂ and ＂integrated utilization＂ ,⑤had been open in environmental policy area and international cooperation earlier. During the past 30 years, China＇s environmental policies had been evolving and deepening： status from national basic policy to sustainable development strategy; focus changed from pollution control to combination of pollution control and ecological protection; method changed from end control to soutrce control; scope changed form point treatment to watershed and territory treatment; management style changed from primarily using executive power to using legal and economic measures. At last, this article introduces how they axe evaluated by the international community and the prospects of the policies.