关于市场失灵的制度分析

On Institutional Analysis of Failure in Market

本文认为,市场制度演进过程中出现的“市场失灵”不是市场本身造成的,而是市场背后的权力主体制度缺位造成的,从根本上讲,是政府、厂商与个人三者之间的权力错位造成的。价格信号表面看是在市场上进行,但资源配置却在市场背后进行。政府、厂商和个人作为资源的拥有者和配置者,他们的权力边界应当是明晰的,如果企业代替个人(如阻止人力资本流动)或政府权力代替或直接干预个人和厂商权力(如计划经济),市场的价格信号便发生扭曲,扭曲的信号必然导致“市场失灵”。文章提出,只有政府、厂商和个人之间建立有效的制度约束,市场机制的作用才能最大化地去引导资源配置,实现帕累托最优效率。

During the evolution of market system, it is generally thought that the appearance of failure in market is caused by the presence of extemaIty, the difficulty in pubic goods supply, and the adverse selection and moral hazard behaviors from asymmetric information. Its essence is the dislocation between manufacturer, individual and government. The failure in market is not resulted from the market in itself but system vacancy of the subject of fights behind the market. Only if the system restriction has been built up between manufacturer, individual and government, the role of market mechanism is able to guide resources allocation and realize Pareto Optimum Efficiency.