唐前道教仪式史纲(一)

History of Daoist Ritual in the Pre-Tang Dynasties

本文在广泛利用和分析相关原始资料的基础上,较为完整地概括论述了道教仪式在唐代以前的历史演变过程。这一过程基本上是围绕天师道仪式、方士仪式和灵宝科仪这三种仪式传统展开的。在五世纪以前,天师道仪式与南方方士仪式各自发展,到东晋时期有了交涉,互相产生影响。自五世纪以降,融摄南方方士传统、天师道和佛教的灵宝科仪兴起,且因刘宋道士陆修静加工整理而变得更加成熟完善,新、旧各种道教传统大都借鉴或仿效灵宝科仪,道教仪式向灵宝化的方向发展。南方和北方的道教仪式原有较大差异,至北朝后期,北方道教几乎全盘采纳南方灵宝化的道教仪式,南北道教仪式基本上趋于一致。因篇幅较长,本文分四次连续发表。

The essay completely outlines the historical process of Daoist ritual in the pre-Tang Dynasties on the basis of extensive use and analysis of the first hand materials. The process is basically unfolded through three ritual traditions, namely the Tianshi Daoist ritual, Fangshi ritual and Lingbao ritual. Before the 5th century, Tianshi Daoist ritual and the south Fangshi ritual were developed separately, and had contacts and mutual influence in East Jin. Since the 5th century, Lingbao ritual,which blended with the south Fangshi tradition, Tianshi Daoism and Buddhism, had risen up and become more developed through Lu Xiujing's reform. New and old Daoist traditions drew lessons from or imitated the Lingbao ritual, and showed a trend towards the Lingbao ritual. There were originally clear distinctions between the north and south Daoist rituals. In the late North Dynasty, however, the north Daoism almost adopted the south Daoist ritual with much Lingbao feature, and then the north and south Daoisms reached a fundamental concensus.