灾民流动与基层诉求的政府应对——以嘉庆六年京师、直隶水灾为中心

The Governmental Reaction to the Wandering of Victims and the Requirements of Local Society:A Case Study of the Flood Disaster in the Sixth Year of Jiaqing's Reign in the Qing Dynasty

嘉庆六年六月,京师、直隶突发特大水灾。安辑外出灾民、稳定地方社会过程中,政府发挥了绝对主导作用。政府应对两大难题的理路为:以州县散赈为最重,防止灾民流动性的产生,并力争吸引外出灾民回乡;中央政府保证物资及时、足额调拨,开展大规模以工代赈。同时,嘉庆君臣力主消除灾民留养、遣返中的强制因素,坚持灾民自行回籍生产;对基层社会因利益引发的矛盾纠葛,特别是张贴匿名揭帖、京控、求赈等非常规诉求,不泥成例,高度关注。以上策略成为保证救灾成功的关键因素。

In June of the sixth year of Jiaqing＇ s reign in the Qing Dynasty,there happened a big flood disaster in capital and Zhili Province. The central government played an absolutely important role in relieving the victims and stabilizing the local society. The government persisted in two methods to cope with the dilemma, that is, all levels governments should be responsible for their own respective tasks, and paid key attention to the relief of local counties. They should do their best to prevent the victims from dropping out and absorb the outdrops to return home. The central government would promise the enough supplies in time and provide the jobs in stead of pure relief of materials. Emperor Jiaqing and his ministers insisted that compulsive factors should be removed during the course of the relief and return of victims ,leading the victims to go back and make production. In the meantime ,the government should attach importance to the contradictions caused by the benefits between local society, especially some abnormal requirements such as pasting up an anonymous Jitie, appealing to the emperor, begging for relief etc. The above policies became key factors to ensure a successful relief.