不同恢复途径对小兴安岭森林沼泽过渡带植物多样性影响

Effect of Different Restoration Approaches on Plant Diversity of Forest-swamp Ecotones in Xiaoxing'an Mountain

采用样带网格调查法与α多样性指数分析法,对小兴安岭天然、采伐、火烧、造林森林沼泽过渡带群落、草本层、灌木层和乔木层的物种丰富度、多样性指数及其沿过渡带环境梯度的变化规律进行研究,以便评价不同恢复途径对森林沼泽过渡带植物多样性的影响效果,探讨退化森林沼泽生态系统恢复与重建的有效途径。结果表明:天然、采伐、火烧、造林森林沼泽过渡带群落物种丰富度依次分布在25～37、16～39、21～29和19～36之间,干扰使其群落物种丰富度依次下降了37.4%、21.1%和11.3%;天然、采伐、火烧、造林森林沼泽过渡带群落物种多样性指数依次分布在1.5931～1.9488、0.4607～1.3674、0.6365～1.2235和1.4000～1.9575之间,干扰使其群落物种多样性依次下降了60.5%、48.9%和14.6%;天然、采伐、火烧、造林森林沼泽过渡带草本层、灌木层和乔木层物种多样性指数依次分布在1.5762～1.8157、0～1.2673、0.2895～1.1720,0.3008～0.9927、0.5539～1.2327、0.4034～0.7522,0.6322～1.0937、0.6365～1.3514、0～0.1223,1.3157～1.8565、0.2712～0.8909、0.1175～0.6559之间,干扰森林沼泽过渡带草本层、灌木层和乔木层物种多样性分别较天然过渡带有所减少或增加(-67.7%、+26.3%、-28.6%,-51.5%、+67.2%、-88.9%,-19.0%、-18.4%、-23.1%)。总体上看天然森林沼泽过渡带物种多样性最高,人工造林途径与之较接近,而采伐、火烧干扰后自然演替恢复效果相对较差。

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of different restoration approaches on plant diversity of forested wetlands and the effective restoration approach for deteriorate forested wetlands in Xiaoxing＇ an Mountain. The species richness, a diversity indexes of community, herb layer, shrub layer and arbor layer of natural, succession （ after fire and felling disturbance） or planted forest-swamp ecotones were studied using transect investigation method and Shannon-Wiener index method, and their changing regularities were also analysed along the environmental gradients from swamp to forest. Results showed that the species richness of natural, fire, felling or planted forest-swamp ecotone communities were 25 - 37 、 16 - 39 、21 - 29 and 19 - 36, respectively, which indicated that species richness of fire, felling or planted communities decreased by 37.4 percent, 21.1 percent and 11.3 percent compared with that of natural forest-swamp communities due to the disturbance. The diversity indexes of natural, fire, felling, or planted forest-swamp ecotone communities were 1. 593 1 - 1. 948 8, 0.460 7 - 1. 367 4, 0.636 5 - 1. 223 5 and 1. 400 0 - 1. 957 5, respectively, which demonstrated that the diversity indexes of fire, felling or planted communities decreased by 60.5 percent, 48.9 percent and 14.6 percent compared with that of natural communities. The diversity indexes of herb, shrub and arbor layers of natural, fire, felling or planted ecotones were 1.5762 - 1.815 7, 0 - 1.267 3, 0.2895 -1. 1720; 0.3008 -0.9927, 0.5539 -1.2327, 0.4034 -0.7522; 0.6322-1.0937, 0.6365 -1.3514, 0-0.1223; 1.3157 -1.8565,0.2712-0.8909, 0. 1175 -0.6559, respectively, and the diversity indexes of herb, shrub and arbor layers of fire, felling or planted ecotones showed different extents of increase or decrease （ - 67.7 percent, ＋ 26.3 percent, - 28.6 percent; - 51.5 percent, ＋ 67.2 percent, - 88.9 percent ; - 19.0 percent, - 18.4 percent, - 23.1 percent） compared with that of herb, shrub and arbor layers of natural forest-swamp ecotones. The plant species diversity of natural forest-swamp ecotones is the highest, and then followed by the planted forest-swamp ecotones, succession （ after fire or felling disturbance） forest-swamp ecotones are the lowest.