“心”的流变——中国近世思想曲折发展的内在脉络

The Evolvement of “Mind”——The Internal Clue of the Idealistic Development in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清思想曲折变化的核心是“心”的流变。在明初对天理的践履中,心性的个体因素也逐渐突显。作为宇宙准则的道心被人心所取代的结果,必然是人欲以潜在的形式从内部瓦解以天理为中心的架构。明中叶思想家所倡导的良知,虽仍然以潜隐的至善为根本,但由心到身的过渡必然引入以人欲为理之基础、以真假代替善恶的哲学命题。这新的哲学命题中实际上蕴涵着对民生的关注和对专制政体的批判。清代思想家对情欲的新解表明,天理的流变已经不可逆转,近代思想已经开始萌芽。

The key idealistic development in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the evolvement of ＂Mind＂. The mind-nature became more evident with the practice of Natural-principles in the beginning of Ming Dynasty. Moral-mind was gradually replaced by human-mind, and the structure of natural-principles was eroded secretly by human-desire inside. Although the highest-gcodness was the foundation of the conscience claimed by the ideologists in the middle Ming Dynasty, the philosophical proposition, that human-desire is the foundation of natural-principles and the criterion of good and evil should be replaced by one of reality and falsity, was led by the transition from mind to body. The new philosophical proposition implied concern on the people＇s livelihood and animadverting on the political system of autarchy. The new explanation on the emotion and desire by the ideologists in the Qing Dynasty indicated that the evolvement of natural-principles was irreversible, and the seed of modem ideawas already produced.