优秀女子标枪运动员最后用力阶段肘关节生物力学分析及运动损伤调查

Biomechanics analysis and sports injury of elbow joint in elite female javelin throwers at finally forcibly phase

目的:采用横断面问卷调查优秀女子标枪运动员肘关节运动损伤情况,采用生物力学分析法分析其最后用力阶段肘关节的数据变化及其相关原因。方法:2004-05/12发放调查问卷36份,调查36名国家级、健将级女子标枪运动员肘关节损伤情况。2005-05采用近景动态立体摄影的测量方法,用两台有电子快门的进口松下摄像机,对运动员现场比赛、训练进行定点拍摄,拍摄频率为50Hz。再采用爱捷运动录像快速反馈分析系统,进行图像采样和数据计算,获取生物力学指标。重点分析最后用力阶段右肘角、右肘速度等指标。结果:36份问卷全部收回,问卷填写完整有效。①36名优秀女子标枪运动员肘关节损伤发生率为89%,其中因技术不正确占11%,因负荷安排不当占31%,因疲劳占29%,因准备活动不足占19%,其他占10%。②女子标枪运动员肘关节损伤构成比最高的是尺侧副韧带损伤,为41%,其次是肱骨上髁屈肌附着点或屈肌拉伤,为17%,再次是尺骨鹰嘴骨折为13%,肱骨骨折、桡侧副韧带损伤和其他损伤分别为11%,9%,9%。③最后用力阶段肘关节的生物力学指标:左脚着地瞬间,平均右肘角度为(112±4)°,右肘平均速度为(6.64±0.86)m/s;标枪出手瞬间,右肘角均值为(149±3)°,右肘平均速度为(8.65±1.32)m/s。结论:①掷标枪运动要求肘关节在高速运动中精确完成由屈曲到伸展的反关节运动,而超过正常的力及重复性微细损伤的积累或由于运动员肩关节柔韧性以及肘部力量不足等原因,通常导致肘关节损伤。②女子标枪运动员肘关节较易出现尺侧副韧带损伤和肱骨上髁屈肌附着点或屈肌拉伤。

AIM： This article is aimed to investigate the elbow joint injury of elite female javelin athletes on the basis of a cross-sectional questionnaire, and to analyze the change of the instantaneous elbow joint movement and their related reasons in female javelin athletes at finally forcibly phase using the biomechanical analysis. METHODS： A total of 36 questionnaires were distributed to the national elite female javelin athletes between May and December in 2004 to survey their elbow joint injury. In May 2005, the javelin athletes, during their competing or training, were monitored using two Sony video cameras with electronic shutter according to the close-range dynamic stereophotogrammetry in the 50 Hz frequency. Using the system of sports video quick feedback analysis, the data of sampling graphs were applied to calculate and detect the possible changes of biomechanics indices, including the angle and velocity of the right elbow in these javelin athletes at finally forcibly phase. RESULTS： All the 36 questionnaires were responded and efficient. ①Among 36 elite female javelins athletes, the incidence rate of elbow joint injury was 89%, among them the improper techniques 11%, the unreasonable loading 31%, the weary condition 29%, the insufficient warming-up exercise 19%, and others 10%. ②In the female javelin athletes with elbow joint injury, the injury of ulnar collateral ligament accounted for 41%, flexor attachment or flexor strain in medial epicondyle of humerus for 17%, the fracture of anconeal process of ulna for 13%, and humerus fracture, radial collateral ligament injury and other injuries respectively for 11%, 9%, 9%.③The biomechanics indices of right elbow joint at finally forcibly phase： In the stance of left foot support, the average elbow angle was （112±4）°, and the velocity was （6.64±0.86） m/s; At the moment of javelin throw, the average elbow angle was （149±3）°, and the velocity was （8.65±1.32） m/s. CONCLUSION： During the javelin throw, the elbow anti-joint movement should be completed accurately in high speed motion from flexion to extension. The exceeding force, accumulation of repeated tiny damage, or insufficient tenacity of shoulder joint and elbow strength, may lead to elbow joint injury, mainly including the injury of ulnar collateral ligament and flexor attachment or flexor strain in medial epicondyle of humerus in female javelin athletes.