燃料能源林树种选育及培育技术研究进展

Progress on the Species Choice and Silvicultural Practices of Fuel Energy Forest

能源林作为生产并提供生物质能源的一种重要方式,以其可再生、生物量大、环境友好及适应地域广而倍受国际社会关注。文中依据其主要用途将能源林分为燃油能源林、生物发电能源林与薪炭能源林等3类。燃油能源林树种包括续随子、霍霍巴、油楠等,生物发电能源林树种包括柳树、桉树、杨树等,薪炭能源林树种相对较多。生物发电能源林与薪炭能源林可统称为燃料能源林。目前,国外十分重视燃料能源林树种选育及高产培育技术研究和实践。不同树种、无性系、种源的燃料能源林生物产量差异很大,瑞典选育出蒿柳和毛枝柳等,南魁北克选育出了柳树无性系SX64与SX61。造林密度与收获周期紧密相关,巴西的澳洲金合欢树3年收获时密度以10000株/hm2生物量最大;欧洲2年收获与3年收获的柳树能源林适宜密度为15000株/hm2。另外,文中对能源林类型、燃料能源林树种选育、立地条件、造林整地、造林密度、收获周期、抚育管理等技术进行了介绍,希望对能源林的栽培提供依据。

Energy forest is widely interested in the world because of its renewable, vigorous growth coppicing property, high yields, environment friendly and broad adapt ability. In this paper, energy forest was mainly divided into three categories according to its market-orientation： oil energy forest, including Euphorbia lathyris L, jojoba and Sindora maritima Pierre; power-generation energy forest, including willow, eucalyptus, and poplar and so on;and firewood, involving a great number of tree species. Moreover, power-generation energy forest and firewood were intituled fuel energy forest. Species selection, cultivation technology and practice of high-yields of fuel energy forest were paid more attention on abroad. Species, clones and provenance choice were major factors to increase productivity. For example, in Sweden ,Salix viminalis and Salix low species, in southern Quebec ten fast-growing clones were planted in 1999 and the best willow biomass productivity was obtained from clones SX64 and clone SX64. The maximum biomass yield and rotation age will vary with spacing. The date from a spacing experiment in Acacia mearnsii in Brazil illustrated the maximum MAI（ mean annual incremen） at 10 000 stems per hm2. It was 53m^3·hm^-2. yr^-1 at age 3 years. In Europe, biomass yield was best to plant at about 15 000 stems hm^-2economically at 2 and 3 rotation age. In addition, the condition, site preparation, selecting stocking, rotation age, fertilizer and irrigation and so on aboutfuel energy forest were introduced.