藏语述说动词小句宾语及其标记

Approaches to Clause Objects of Narrate Verbs and Their Markers in Tibetan

本文讨论藏语述说动词管控的句子性小句宾语。藏语述说动词包括“说”类动词、认知动词、思考动词、询问动词及其他语义相关的动词。从小句自身结构看,可以是完整的句子,带主语、谓语以及句末动词体貌标记和语气词,也可能只是单一的谓语动词。小句宾语自身具有谓词性,通常通过添加名词化标记使之名词化。小句宾语的标记来自古代述说类动词的类典型zer的语法化,而在现代藏语中作为小句标记语音和书写形式上都有多个变体。小句宾语内部也有复杂的关系和层次,类似于英语的直接引语与间接引语。小句缺省主语的情况下,动作发出者可通过表示体貌、情态的语法词以及上下文来确定。小句的句类包括陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹,可带不同的句类语气词。最后应该指出,有一部分述说动词小句宾语经常不带名词化标记,这种现象会给句法处理算法带来一定的麻烦,相关原因和解决办法还须进一步研究。

This paper discribes clause-objects of Tibetan controlled by narrate verbs. The types of verbs include narrating verbs, cognitive verbs, thought verbs , inquiring verbs and other related semantics of the verbs. From its own sentence structure, it could be a complete sentence with subject, predicate, the end of the sentence and modal verb physical markings, perhaps just a single-verb. The clause-objects has its own predicate and ought to be nominalized by adding nominalized markers. The special marker ＂ zer＂ and its variants in pronounciation and written forms come from nominalization of verb ＂zer＂. There are a complex relationship and layers similar to English Direct and Indirect Speech in the clause-objects. The agent of the clause will be identified through functional words of aspects, models and contexts under the default of subjects of clause-objects. The types of the clauses may be declarative, interrogative, imperatives and exclamatives, therefore, they take different types of mood words. What is worthy to be pointed out is the absence of some nominalized markers in clause-objects, which will make some troubles for syntactic algorithm, and need remain to be discussed.