资源型城镇土地退化时空特征分析——以黑龙江省大庆市为例

Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Land Degeneration in Resources-based Cities:A Case Study in Daqing City in Heilongjiang Province

基于MSS和TM影像借助人机交互解译方法结合1：10万地形图获得1978年、1987年、2001年三期土地利用／覆被变化矢量数据，利用土地利用动态度模型、土地类型退化指数、质心模型分析资源型城镇特有的土地退化时空分布特征，进一步利用欧几里德最短路径函数分析工矿用地与土地退化之间的空间关系。研究表明，研究区的土地退化类型主要为草地退化、次生盐碱化、沼泽湿地萎缩。在不同研究时期其土地退化的速度和强度差异显著，1978年～1987年土地类型退化综合指数约为3．18，而1987年～2001年土地类型退化指数约为27．96。1978年～1987年土地退化类型的质心主要向西北方向偏移，1987年～2001年土地退化类型的质心波动较大，不同类型具有自身特点，但整体土地退化严重。根据GRID的欧几里德最短路径函数的分析，辨析出资源型城镇沼泽萎缩、次生盐碱化与工矿用地呈指数衰减的规律，草地的退化也与工矿用地具有一定函数相关性。

Development of resources-based city has been manipulated by the national macroeconomic policy. Most of the resource exploitation and utilization does not fully meet the evolution rule of ecological environment, which even exceeds the threshold of restoring the ecological environment. Furthermore, the deterioration of vegetation and ecological environment in resources-based city is far exceeding of the general industrialized cities because of lack of management and protection. Daqing city is a typical resources-based city in Heilongjiang Province, which mainly relies on exploitation of petroleum. There exists serious land degradation in the past 24 years, such as grassland degeneration, salinization and marsh atrophy. Therefore, taking Daqing city as an example, this paper studies the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of land degradation. Based on MSS or TM images and the 1： 100,000 topographic diagrams, land use and land cover dynamic vector data were derived by man-machine interactive interpretation and the unique spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of land degeneration in study area were analyzed through land use dynamic degree model, and land degeneration index and centroid model. Furthermore, we analyze the spatial relationship between land for mines and industries and land degeneration by Euclid shortest-path function. The research indicates that the types of land degeneration prove mainly to be grassland degeneration, secondary salinization and marsh atrophy. The speed and intensity of land degeneration are of remarkable difference in different research period, that is, the land degeneration comprehensive index is about 3.18 from 1978 to 1987, and the land degeneration comprehensive index is about 27.96 from 1987 to 2001, which is nine times as many as the last period. The centroid of land degeneration displaced to the northwest from 1978 to 1987; different types have their own characteristics, but the overall degeneration is considered to be serious, such as marsh atrophy. Saline-alkali land becomes one of the main cover types of research area from 1987 to 2001, when there is a great undulation of centroid in land degeneration types. According to the Euclid shortest-path function analysis, we can conclude that the relationship between marsh atrophy, secondary salinization and land for mines and industries proves to be exponential attenuation. Besides, grassland degeneration has function relativity with the land for mining and industries in resources-based cities.