美国个人提起公益诉讼的程序和制度保障

Procedure and Safeguard for Private Litigation of Public Interest Law

个人参与公益执法是美国公益诉讼制度的一大特色。美国的法院具有解决政治问题、社会问题的诉讼职能,《行政程序法》、民事诉讼规则以及制定法对个人进行公益执法的法律授权和程序规定,又为个人提起公益诉讼提供了法律依据。美国民事诉讼法律援助制度的建立,公益诉讼案件中律师费用转移制度的设立,以及行政机关对个人进行公益执法提供的援助又为个人提起公益诉讼提供了制度保障。

It is a major characteristic for Private person to commence public interest litigation in the United States of America. American Courts have the function to settle the political and social disputes. Civil Procedure, the Administrative Procedure Law and some statutes not only authorize private person to commence public litigation, but also provide a procedure for private person to follow. They also established legal aid system in the field of civil litigation, passed the statute of fee-shifting for public Interest litigation and provide aid to private person from administrative organ. All these provide a systematic safeguard for private person to commence public Interest litigation.