儒家天人观的政治哲学反省

A Reflection on the Confucian’s Conception of Heaven and Man from Perspective of Political Philosophy

把握普遍的必然性是人的天性。天是中国古代思想家所能认识到的最高意义的本体性存在,理解天人关系是中国古代思想家把握普遍的必然性的基本途径。思孟学派的天人合一论更多地注意到了天人之间的统一性,表达了古代思想家在更抽象的水平上把握客观世界的心理取向。宋代理学家用形而上的思想方式理解和把握天,从而使必然意义的天与可感觉的天和有神性的天分离开来,儒家的天人观也因此而达到了最高的境界。

To comprehend the universal inevitability is the nature of human-being. Heaven is the highest existence that ancient Chinese thinker had recognized. Understanding the relation between heaven and man is the basic approach by which they handle the universal inevitability. The idea of union of heaven and man（天人合一） held by the School of Zisi-Mencius （思孟学派）pays much attention to the oneness of heaven and man, which expressed the mental tropism of the ancient thinker to comprehend the objective world at a more abstract level. The idealists of Confucian School in Song Dynasty understood the heaven by way of metaphysics, and made the inevitable heaven, perceivable heaven and supernal heaven separated. Accordingly, the Confucian＇s conception of heaven and man arrived at the highest condition.