论罗马共和国早期的执政官

On the Consul in the Early Roman Republic

在推翻王政、初建共和的过程中,罗马出现了执政官一职;伴随着共和早期平民争取与贵族平等的政治权利的斗争,其形制逐步完善,官职人选也逐步向平民开放。作为罗马共和国最高的常设官职,执政官的行政与军事大权随着共和政府机构的完善,权限有所削减,部分职能旁落,但始终受制于处于国家权力中心的元老院。

In the course of the overthrow of the Monarchy and the primary establishment of the Republic, the consulship appeared in Rome. With the struggle of plebs for the equal political rights with the patricians in the early Republic, the institutions gradually developed and the official position was gradually open to the plebs. As the supreme magistrates in Roman Republic, the consuls performed civil and military imperium. With the development of the Republic government, their power was somewhat decreased and part of their functions were transferred, but they were always controlled by the Senatus that stands in the central of the state power.