土壤质量生物学指标研究进展

Biological Indicator of Soil Quality:A Review

本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。

Current findings of the study on use soil microorganism, soil enzymatic activity and soil animals as biological indicators of soil quality are here in summarized and reviewed. Soil microbe is the most active part of soil organic constituents and ecosystem, and hence considered to be the most sensitive biological indicator of soil quality. Soil microbial biomass stands for quantity of the microorganisms that regulate energy and nutrient cycle in soil and transformation organisms, however, it is essential to combine this with the study on microbial diversity to make up the shortage that it fails to reflect composition of the soil microorganisms and variation of the microbiota. Dynamics of composition and diversity of the soil microbial community reflects variability of soil biological groups and variation of quantity and functions of soil microorganisms with soil quality. Soil microbial activity displays itself in microbial quotient, microbial respiration and metabolic quotient. The relationship of the size of biomass with activities of microbial groups should be taken into account as an indicator of differentiation between soil microbial groups. Soil enzymatic activity is an indicator extremely time-effective, and reflects nearly real-time change in soil quality. In the aspect of soil animals, species composition and population, relative abundance of soil fauna, diversity and activity are sensitive indicators of soil biological quality, Compared with physical and chemical indicators, biological indicators are more sensitive and quick in response to changes in soil quality, and hence more widely applied to soil quality evaluation nowadays.