中国古代乡村政治文化的特点——家族势力与国家势力的博弈与合流

The Political Cultural Characteristics of Ancient China Village

我国是一个“以农立国”的文明古国,农业是国家的经济基础,它决定了中国古代社会发展的基本轨迹。自秦始皇统一到辛亥革命成功的两千多年里,“大一统”是中国社会发展的主流。在“大一统”的农业社会,乡村是国家的细胞,是王权是否巩固的基础。同时,乡村又是社会财富的主要来源,为了维系王权,封建国家采取“官民共治”的形式,将国家权力渗透到乡村,从而实现“摄取乡村资源”和“降低治理成本”的统一。而“官民共治理”的“乡里制度”是乡村治理的政治基础,它直接决定了乡村政治文化的基本特点,即以血缘为前提的有限自治。本文追溯了乡里制度和官民共治的形成,并在此基础上深入探讨了乡村政治文化特点的内涵。

Our country is an ancient civilization country on basis of agriculture, and grlcultere is the economic foundation that de- cides the basic locus the ancient Chinese society development. The large and unity is the main tide for the Chinese society devel- oped in the more than 2000 years from Qin Shihuang unified China to the Revelution of 1911. The village is the cell of state and is the foundation of strengthened royalty in gricultural society of large and unity. At the same time village is the main source of social wealth, the feudal country adopted the form of official and people co--govermnet to penetrate state authority into village and realized the unity of what absorbed the village resources and reduced the management cost for strengthened royalty. What official and people co--govermnet and village system is political foundation of government village decided the characteristics of village political culture directly what limited autonomy with the blood relationship for prerequisite. This article traceds back the form of system of village and official and people co-overmnet, probed into the village thoroughly political cultural intension.