药用真菌“双向发酵”的起源、发展及其优势与潜力

The Origin,Development and Its Advantage and Potential of "the Bi-directional Solid Fermentation" for Medicinal Fungi

笔者上世纪80年代末提出用药用真菌发酵药材的设想,实验证实在农副产品构成的营养基质内掺入适量经特选的含有活性成分的中药材作为药性基质,致使发酵具有双向性,其产物由药用菌质(如槐耳菌质)转为药性菌质(如槐芪菌质○F),可以显著增强其免疫活性,提高药效与疗效,这是现代“双向发酵”工程的起源,此后因理论与技术发展,使它被认为是生物技术的新起点,中药新药研制的新途径,各种菌质必将成为中药内菌物药的重要组成。较深入和更扩大的研究认为,它有增效、扩用、解毒持效等作用可发展为用中药二次开发和兽药领域。与其它有关生物技术比较,在现阶段有一定的优势与潜力。“双向发酵”研发道路宽广,前景良好,也还存在需要研究解决的问题,如怎样以中医药理论指导构成发酵组合和对各种菌质的科学定性等,尤其需要从基质发酵为菌质的大规模生产的机械化、自动化设备。

In late of 1980＇ s, to develop the effect of anti - hepatitis of Huaier Granule, a new drug for anti - liver cancer, according to the principle that medicinal herbs can go moldy when contaminated with the miscellaneous airborne microorganisms, a new idea was put forward to use medicinal fungi to ferment medicinal herbs. It was proved that the solid fermentation has two purposes, when used a nutrient substance containing medicinal herbs with multiple active compositions rather than the one consists of only fanning byproducts. The products formed by this fermentation were fungous substance containing herbs （ Huaiqi fungous substance） which was produced by a medicinal fungous substance （ e. g. Huaier fungous substance） . Huaiqi fungous substance was approved to beable to strengthen the immunological effects. This is the origin of modern bi - directional solid fermentation engineering. Along with the theoretical and technical development of the engineering, it was considered as the new turning point of modern biological technology and the new channel of the new drug R ＆ D of traditional Chinese medicine. After a series of studies, it was believed that the engineering compared with other relevant biological technology, has certain advantage and potential in present time. Medicinal fungous substances and fungous substances containing herbs are the modern products of the traditional Chinese herbs, and still belong to traditional Chinese herbs （e. g. Shenqu） . There are many medicinal fungi with different enzyme systems and many ground substances containing herbs with different functions can be used for fermentation. The combinations of the fungi and the ground substances with different properties are numerous. Different kinds of fungous substances of the fermentation have different natures and effects, so the study has a far - reaching influence. The bi - directional fermentation can be applied widely, for instance, strengthening and maintaining the drug＇ s effects, widening the range of taking medication, detoxification of poisonous herbs, twice development of herbal wastes, application of veterinary treatment and so on. Problems such as applications of the TCM theory to guide the composition of bi - directional fermentation, scientific definition of the fungous substances and designs of automatic equipments for large - scale production of fungous substances still need to be solved.