中国古代的土地制度与田赋征收

Land System and the Cess Collection in the Ancient China

中国传统社会的土地制度经历了数次变化,其中一个总的趋势是从国有到私有。土地的私有化并不意味着国家土地所有制的消失,而是以另外不同的方式存在。秦汉以至明清,国有土地大致有公田、屯田、学田、皇庄、官庄等名目。土地的私有化只是导致了地主土地所有制和自耕农、半自耕农土地所有制的出现。秦汉以后的土地制度,大致有国家土地所有制、地主土地所有制和自耕农、半自耕农土地所有制三种形式。不同的土地制度,“田赋”征收亦不相同,“田赋”征收经历了几次大的变化。在田赋征收的过程中,涉及诸如田赋的征纳物品、田赋征收中的考成、田赋征收中的私饱以及田赋的预征和蠲免等问题。

Chinese traditional land system experienced several changes and there was a general trenu that was from the state to private ownership. Privatization of the land did not mean the disappearance of national land ownership, but existed in other different ways. From the Qin and Han Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the state-owned lands had some kinds such as Gongtian, Tuntian, Xuetian, Huangzhuang, Guanzhuang. Privatization of the land only led to the landlords＇ land ownership and farm- ers, a semi-tenant peasant＇s land ownership. After the Qin and Han Dynasty, land systems largely had three forms which include state, landlord, farmer and semi-tenant peasant＇s land ownerships. The dif- ferent land systems had different ＂cess＂ collection. ＂Cess＂ collection suffered several major changes. This process involved many issues, such as the obligation goods of cess, examination of cess collection, bribes of cess collection, advanced or removed cess collection and etc.