汉代皇帝宗庙祭祖制度考论

A Research on the Emperors’ Ancestral Temple Sacrifical Ritual Systems in the Han Dynasty

西汉初,叔孙通采撷先秦古礼及秦制,确立汉朝皇帝宗庙祭祖制度。其中既不乏沿袭传统的因素,也混杂有当时不同地域的文化,还有出身于庶民阶层的汉统治者所熟稔的民间俗文化的因素。汉武帝以后,儒学在思想意识和社会生活领域中的主导地位逐渐确立。儒家若干典籍记载的所谓周代天子祭祖礼制,对汉代皇帝修订宗庙祭祖制度,产生了深刻的影响。不过,两汉时期皇帝宗庙祭祖制度,与儒家典籍的相关记载以及若干儒生的诠释相比,二者并不完全吻合,而是前者依据现实需要,对后者多有变通,由此导致制度本身时刻处于调整、变化的动态过程之中。

In the early years of the West Han Dynasty, the emperors＇ ancestral temple sacrificial system shaped by Shusun Tong through a synthesis of pre-Qin and Qin rites contained not only the traces of different regional cultures but also abundant elements from mass cultures brought about by the rulers of ordinary origin. After Emperor Wudi, Confucianism obtained an increasingly leading position among the various social ideologies,and the sacrificial rites of the Zhou Dynasty recorded in Confucianist writings affected the Han Dynasties＇ ancestral sacrificial rites profoundly. However, because the Han Dynasty adapted the emperors＇ ancestral temple sacrificial system to circumstances, the rituals differed more or less from the Confucianist writings and the relevant explanations advocated by some Confucian scholars of that time The emperors＇ ancestral temple sacrificial system during the Han Dynasty was in a process of constant alteration.