说赵高不是宦阉——补《史记·赵高列传》

Zhao Gao Was Not A Eunuch

根据《云梦秦简》和《张家山汉简》以及秦始皇陵出土文物等考古资料,在某种程度上可以解读传统文献记载中有关赵高身世中的一些疑问。就考察的结果而言,赵高生于秦昭襄王五十一年(前256年),他学史出仕,以大史考试第一而入秦宫为尚书卒史,后来出任中车府令、郎中令、丞相等职,死于秦二世三年(前207年),享年49岁。赵高的祖上可能是质于秦都的赵国王族,父亲是仕于隐官的文法之吏,母亲是供职于隐官的刑余之人。赵高长于文字书法,精通法律,行事坚忍,以文法能吏身份长期仕宦于宫中,是侧近之臣的宦人而不是宫刑之余的宦阉。秦始皇陵车马坑出土的二号铜车马的御官,应当就是赵高所出任的中车府令相关官属的形象体现。

Based on the bamboo slips unearthed from the Shuihudi（睡虎地） tomb of the Qin Dynasty and the Zhangjia-shan（张家山） tomb of the Han Dynasty and the chariot unearthed from the tomb of the First Emperor of the Qin Dy-nasty, this essay discusses some questions regarding the life of Zhao Gao. My research shows that Zhao Gao was born in the fifty-first year of the reign of King Qinzhao （秦昭王）（256 BC）. He studied shi（史, law and writing）. Because of his outstanding performance in examinations, he was recruited as a secretary at the court, and later he served as the head of the Palace Chariot Bureau, the Chamberlain for Attendants, and finally the Counselor-in-chief. He died in 207 BC at the age of 49. Zhao Gao＇s ancestors might have been the members of the royal family of the State of Zhao who were the hostages held by the State of Qin. His father was a staff member at a labor reform camp, or a reformatory. His mother was a prisoner at the reformatory. After being released from her sentence, she became a worker there. Zhao Gao was excellent in writing and calligraphy, proficient in law, and possessed administrative skills. He worked in the court for a long time. He was among the courtiers who were close to the Emperor but who was not a eunuch. The charioteer of the master chariot unearthed from the Pit No. 2 of the First Emperor of the Qin tomb should be the image of an official from the Palace Chariot Bureau.