论《庄子》“卮言”即“优语”

The "Zhiyan" Mode of Zhuangzi as "Fous’ Speech"

"卮言"是《庄子》的一种写作方式。学者认为"卮言"是对散漫无谓之言的比喻性说法,或是先秦饮酒礼中的祝酒辞。事实上,"卮言"即"扬觯之语",它的散漫嘲戏的特点,说明它是俳优在酒席上的语言表演,又称"优语"。"优语"的内容包括插科打诨、谜语、神怪故事和说唱等。"优语"因其娱乐性质而享有豁免的权利,俳优可以利用这一职业特权进行劝谏,因此,"优语"又是一种有所承担的话语形式。"优语"因其似有似无的姿态和充满了隐喻性的表达方式,而得到道家的认同。《庄子》大量采用了"优语"即卮言的形式,或模仿了它的表达方式。《庄子》自云"卮言日出",确非虚语。

＂Zhiyan＂ （卮言） is an expression mode of Zhuangzi （《庄子》）. Scholars deem that ＂zhiyan＂ is the metaphor for random speech or toast speech. The present authors further argue that ＂zhiyan＂, also called ＂fous＇ speech＂, is a speech style made at feasts, the variations of which include jests, riddles, myth stories, speak-and-sing, and others. Fous＇ speech has the privilege of being exempted for its entertainment characteristic, and fous can make use of this mode to express their counsels. So it is a kind of liable language form. It is accepted by Taoists because of its uncertain attitude and peculiar way of expression. Zhuangzi adopts lots of fous＇ speech or imitates its way of expression.