中国劳动力市场演化与政府行为

The Evolution of China Labor Market and Government Behavior

劳动力市场培育是中国改革的核心问题之一。中国经济改革是在城乡隔绝的特殊背景下展开的。旧体制下,城市国有部门人浮于事,大锅饭、铁饭碗造成效率低下;农村劳动力被禁锢在土地上,隔离在国家工业化进程之外,大量农村剩余劳动力不能及时转移到非农产业,造成极大浪费和损失。劳动力市场改革基于城市"治懒"、农村"治贫"的目标展开。逐步把国有部门职工推向市场,同时逐步改善农村劳动力的配置效率,渐进式改革、逐步释放被压抑的生产力,这是中国经济持续高速增长的根本动力。劳动力市场培育也是城乡劳动者权利的双向调整和逐步接近的过程。改革已取得了很大进展,但城乡劳动者的平等权利尚未实现。名义权利与实际权利的差异是当前最突出的问题。这种权利差异对经济社会协调发展造成威胁。增长、稳定、公平是左右政府改革行为的三大变量。劳动力市场上的权利不平等已成为经济持续增长和社会稳定的巨大障碍。贯彻新发展观,构建和谐社会正在使政策导向发生改变。

The establishment of competitive labor market is one of the central problems of China's reforms. China's economic reforms have taken place in the segmentation between the urban and the rural. Employee redundance in SOEs, 'big-pot-system' and 'iron-rice-bowl' in the old system have led to inefficiency. Meanwhile, rural labors attached to the land were isolated from industrialization process, thus a large number of surplus rural labors can not transfer to non-farm industries in time, which causes great waste and loss. Labor market reform based on the aims of 'punishing idleness' in urban areas and 'alleviating poverty' in rural areas was carried out, which pushed the employees in SOEs to market and improved the allocation efficiency of rural labors. The release of restrained productivity through progressing reforms is the basic drive of China rapid growth. Labor market reform is a bidirectional process of adjusting and approaching the rights between ruraland urban labors. China has gained great achievement in reforms, however, the rights equality between urban and rural workers are still far from realization, and the difference between nominal and actual rights is the most outstanding problem, which threatens the harmony of social and economic development. Since growth, stabilization and equity are three major factors influencing the government behavior, the inequality of rights in labor markets has become a great obstacle of economic development and social stability. Implementing the new development concept and constructing a harmonious society are now leading to the change of the policy direction.