沙尘暴期间和田地区主要地表类型土壤风蚀量研究

Soil Wind Erosion on the Main Earth’s Surface of Hetian During the Sandstorm

为明确和田地区沙尘来源,本试验于2004年对和田主要地表类型起尘量进行了测定。结果表明：①不同地表类型的输沙量从大到小总趋势为：弃耕地、荒漠与农区过渡带、沙漠边缘活动沙丘输沙量最多,乡村道路次之,而覆膜棉田与苜蓿地输沙量较少;②从塔克拉玛干沙漠到各地表类型,随着与沙漠间距扩大,输沙量满足于指数曲线形势下降,到400 m处输沙量已从原来的30 g/cm^2下降到1 g/cm^2,400 m之后各地表类型输沙量变化不大;③在有植被覆盖条件下,覆膜棉田和苜蓿地上风口处输沙量多于下风口,随着采样器高度增加输沙量呈增加趋势;而弃耕地、荒漠与农区过渡带、乡村道路和沙漠边缘活动沙丘在近地表20 cm处输沙量较大,随高度增加而减少。弃耕地、荒漠与农区过渡带、活动沙丘以及乡村道路的风蚀危害程度严重是和田地区沙尘天气的主要尘源。建议通过恢复弃耕地;有计划的对荒漠与农区过渡带采取保护和封育措施,保护天然沙生植被,禁止放牧及合理开垦;在农田扩大冬小麦、多年生牧草等冬春绿色覆盖作物种植,实行保护性耕作制;对乡村道路实现硬化等措施来减少土壤风蚀及沙尘暴的危害。

To assess the variation of soil wind erosion on the main earth＇s surface of Hetian, the quantity of soil wind erosion and some surface properties were concurrently measured and analyzed in 2004. （1）A decreasing order for the each surface of the quantity of sand transport was the abandoned farmland,the intermediate zone of desert and rural section,the active sand dunes on the edge of the desert, the rural roads,the cottons covered with film and the alfalfa. （2）With the magnification for space the amounts of sand transport from the Takla Makan desert to other earth＇s surface were followed exponential curve law dropping. At the point of 400 m,the amounts of sand transport were declined from 30 g/cm^2 to 1 g/cm^2, the difference wasn＇t too much among every earth surface after the point. （3） Under the vegetation covering condition,the uptaking amounts of sand transport of the cottons covered the film and the alfalfa were more than their down tuyering and increased with the sampling height but the abandoned farmland,the intermediate zone of desert and rural section,the rural roads and the active sand dunes on the edge of the desert were more at 20cm and decreased with the height. The quantity of soil wind erosion was the most and the wind erosion harm degree was also extremely serious in the abandoned farmland,the inter-mediate zone of desert and rural section, the rural roads and the active sand dunes on the edgeof the desert. So they were the most potential dust contributors in the area of Hetian. Make some measures to reduce the soil wind erosion and sandstorm in Hetian. Such as expanding the winter wheat, planting perennial herb and the green crops, implementing the protective cultivation system, avoiding over-grazing cultivating and laying the rural roads with Gobi,the gravel,the asphalt.