格调对神韵的兼容——从《清诗别裁集》选王士禛诗看沈德潜的“格调说”

Gediao & Shenyun:Introjection

清代,中国古代诗学四大流别呈现出相互接纳、融会的特点。沈德潜的"格调说"充分吸收了王士禛"神韵说"的部分特质,在审美追求上,既崇尚阔大朗健的气象,又表现出对"神韵"古淡、清远的美学风格的喜好。这是因为古淡清远这一美学风范与文人阶层的理想和品格大体一致。另外,从艺术的表达方式上看,"格调"和"神韵"都追求不切,也就是不落实处。这种艺术表达方式,正可以沟通古淡清远和阔大朗健这两种看似不同的美学风貌。当然,沈德潜的"格调说"在融会"神韵说"的基础上,也坚持了自身的独立品格。在题材的选择上,沈德潜的"格调说"坚持对社会的关注。所以,在《清诗别裁集》中,沈德潜虽然以诗作入选数量的方式,肯定了"神韵说"倡导者王士禛诗坛盟主的地位,但他却不顾王士禛对五绝的偏好,大量地选取了王士禛创作的七绝,因为七绝这一体式与现实人生的关联更紧密。这样,沈德潜就以巧妙的方式把"神韵"王士禛改造成了"格调"王士禛。

In Qing Dynasty, the four poetics schools introject with each other, such as the school of Gediao absorbs some qualities of the school of Shenyun. SHEN Deqian partials to the style of concinne because this style conforms to the ideal and character of scholars, and because Gediao and Shenyun pursue to the realm of purely imaginary. Of course, the school of Gediao preserves its uniqe character,such as, On the choice of subject matter,Gediao perseveres to concentrate on the social, so SHEN Deqian chooses WANG Shizhen＇s Qijue poets, instead of Wujue poets, because Qijue poets relate with social more closer.