重新理解马克思对意识形态的批判

Re-comprehension of Marx's Criticism in Ideology

通常人们对意识形态主要是从意识方面来理解的,结果,意识形态问题同意识问题一样,也仅仅具有真假对错或唯心唯物之意义,并据此形成了关于意识形态的贬义、褒义、中性三种主要理解。但是,对马克思来说,意识形态的关键却在于,它不仅仅是一种意识,它还同时被理解为一种实践力量并主要被理解为一种实践力量。正是这一点至关重要而又很少被学术界注意到。尽管马克思在不同时期对意识形态的理解也不太一致,但有一点是清楚的,那就是他本人也承认,在创立唯物史观的初期,过于强调了经济基础的决定作用;而在晚年,东方问题的特殊性,使他不得不重新去理解意识形态的特殊作用。这实际上意味着一个新的方向——正如唯物史观揭示了历史的共性、普遍性、简单性、一般性一样,历史的个性、特殊性、复杂性、混沌性则主要是由不同的意识形态决定的。按照这种理解,过去长期以来关于真假马克思主义问题的争论将不再有特殊意义,我们应当关注的是马克思主义的谱系问题。

Generally speaking, we understand ideology in the field of consciousness; so, the ideology in common with consciousness has no special value except true and false or right and wrong. Most people comprehend ideology in three meaning sides: commendatory sense, derogatory sense and neutral sense. But Marx thought that ideology is not only consciousness but also practice power. That is an important point for understanding ideology; however, many scholars did not follow that with interest. Though Marx's idea of ideology is quite different in different phases, we could understand that Marx emphasized its economic base in his early years, but re-understood it again in his later period for the question was so specific. That had a new signified direction in understanding ideology. Just as historical materialism revealed the historical commonness, generalization, simplicity and universality, ideology may reveal historical individuality, particularity and complexity. Whereupon, the long-term dispute on true Marx or pseudo Marx does not have special value, but that point of view must be quite revolutionary.