双季青贮玉米模式物质生产及资源利用效率研究

Matter Production and Resources Use Efficiency of Double-Cropping Silage Maize System

随着畜牧业产品需求不断增加,"节粮型"草食牲畜的高效舍饲畜牧业已向农区转移。为建立与农区畜牧业发展相适应的资源高效利用的新型饲料生产技术体系,2004—2005年在热量资源限制的两熟北缘区北京地区进行了双季青贮玉米周年高产技术探索,对双季青贮玉米与冬小麦-夏玉米和单季春玉米不同模式的物质积累量和生育过程的光、温、水资源的实际利用效率进行系统测定分析。结果表明,双季青贮地膜玉米-玉米模式优于传统模式冬小麦-夏玉米,其全年干物质生产率提高10.3%,能量提高12%,总辐射利用效率提高12.5%,热量资源生产效率提高22.5%,水分生产效率增加36.3%。与单季春玉米模式相比,在干物质生产率、能量、总辐射利用效率、光能生产效率上更具有明显优势。由此可见,通过利用全年两季C4玉米的高光效,早春覆膜栽培以及两季品种有效配置,不但可以充分利用两熟区的自然资源,而且为该区畜牧业发展提供了一条新型的高产高效种植模式。

The conventional cropping systems were winter wheat-summer maize and single spring maize in the two harvest regions in the middle of China. However, with the increasing of market requirement for animal products, the cropping systems have been changed and forage production enhanced recently. In order to explore the new cropping system which was benefit for the livestock development using silage as food of saving grain, high matter production and resources use efficiency, the field experiments were conducted in the two harvest temperature limited regions of Beijing in 2004 and 2005. The ecologic elements of radiation, temperature and rainfall were detected by U. S. A BR-CR23 Automatic Energy Balance System and dry matter production was detected. Also matter production and resources use efficiency were compared between double-cropping silage maize （ Zea mays L. ） systems and conventional cropping systems, which were winter wheat-summer maize and single spring maize systems. The results showed that anniversary production efficiency of dry matter, energy production, radiation production efficiency, light energy production efficiency, temperature production efficiency and water production efficiency were 10.3%, 11.9%, 12.5%, 60.7%, 22.5%, and 36.3% mere in double-cropping mulching film silage maize-maize system than in conventional winter wheat-summer maize system, respectively, so was it compared with spring maize. These results indicate that double cropping silage maize system performs higher yield and high production efficiency in natural resources use because of high photosynthetic traits of double-C4 plant, and longer growth and development period by the optimization technological measures of the double-cropping-incorporate cultivation： mulching cultivation in the first reason, varieties configuration in two reasons and the growing time distribution in whole year, and so on. Therefore, the cropping system can raise natural resources use efficiency and fully exert the common effect of light, temperature and water in a whole growth and development period. The novel system opens a new way for the cropping diversity and effective production in this region. The management is simple and the cost is low for silage maize planting, so it has better economic benefit and a broad applied prospect.