西周青铜器的审美特征

Aesthetic Features of Bronze Wares in Western Zhou Dynasty

西周青铜器的精神内涵和相称比例关系既符合力学要求,又体现了视觉的美感要求,并向着简单和实用化的方向发展,在虚实统一、有无相生中突显了器物的实用性和装饰性。其纹饰以平面表现立体特征,粗细线条表明画面元素的前后虚实关系。雕塑技法使器表平面上表现出浑厚、凝重的立体效果。动物纹饰逐渐简化而富有图案趣味。神秘色彩淡化,纹饰重视抒发性情。西周中晚期金文逐步摆脱商金文的影响,以"篆引"为基础,开始形成自家风貌,走向纯粹线条化。字型固定统一,结构取纵势,修长婉丽,圆融内敛,"线"的自足性得到强烈张扬,笔墨韵味获得独立,线条浑厚华滋,凝重自然。西周青铜器的礼制化、系列化特色突出,富于秩序感和庄严感。

The spiritual connotation and the proportional structure manifested in bronze wares of Western Zhou Dynasty not only meet mechanical requirements, but also possess visual beauty. The wares are simple, practical and convenient, and their utility value and decorative function are highlighted through a virtual - actual combination. The ornamental patterns on the wares bring about three - dimensional effect with plane surface, and present the difference between the actual and the virtual by lines of various degrees of thickness. The proficient sculptural skills render the surface of wares a palpable three - dimensional effect. The zoic decorative patterns become more simplified and attractive in pattern designation. Those patterns attach more importance to the expression of true feelings rather than that of mysticism. Inscriptions on bronzes of the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty gradually are devoid of the influence of those of Shang Dynasty. The inscriptions on bronzes of the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, based on one type of ancient calligraphy named ＂Zhuan Yin＂, evolve a style of their own with strong emphasis on lines. The form of characters is relatively fixed, usually containing long and fluent lines. And the individuality of ＂line＂ is stressed to such a great extent that those lines always seem extremely bold, vigorous and natural. Bronze wares in Western Zhou Dynasty usually seem fairly neat and solemn because of their typical features of standardization and serialization.