宋辽金元建制城市的出现与城市体系的形成

Cities as Administrative Units and the Development of Urban Systems in the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties

宋辽金元是中国古代"城市革命"的重要时期。主要表现为:在城市空间上,由封闭到开放,由坊市制转变为厢坊制;在管理制度上,宋代以拥有专门行政管理机构府属都厢为标志,出现了个案建制城市。辽金元则以拥有专门行政管理机构诸京警巡院、路府节镇录事司、防刺州司候司为标志,出现了更多建制城市。在此基础上,金元时期形成了联系密切、分布有序的古代城市体系。

China witnessed an 'urban revolution' during the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, expressed in the shift from the fangshi pattern (which separated fang [residential areas] from shi [marketplaces]) to the xiangfang pattern (under which cities were divided into several districts [xiang] and sub-districts [fang] and business and residential areas were mixed). Urban space went from being closed to opening up. With regard to administrative institutions, individual cities appeared in the Song Dynasty as administrative units, a development marked by the establishment of the duxiang, a specialized administrative government department. Growth in the number of such cities in the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties was marked by the establishment of a variety of administrative departments at different levels. On this basis, a closely linked system of cities set out in an orderly manner took shape in the Jin and Yuan dynasties.