墨西哥埃切维利亚政府化解社会危机的对策与启示

Measures of Echeverría Administration of Mexico to Overcome Social Crisis and Its Enlightenment

20世纪60年代后期,正处在现代化加速发展时期的墨西哥突然陷入了社会危机。新上台的埃切维利亚政府为应对社会危机出台了一系列有利于民众的社会经济政策,并实行政治开放和多元外交。虽然有些政策在初期收到良效,但因国内私人部门和外国资本的反对,税收改革失败,埃切维利亚只得借助于财政赤字和外债,最终,"分享发展"战略崩溃。从社会危机的起因和埃切维利亚政府政策的贯彻中,可以感悟到:在促进经济增长的同时,不能忽视收入分配和社会公正;在经济现代化的同时,不能忽视政治现代化;在混合经济体制中实现社会发展目标时,要对私人部门和外国资本的制约有充分的估计;实行民众主义政策,不能牺牲经济增长,重视眼前利益,不能牺牲长远利益;对政府政策"钟摆效应"的研究应该分析利益集团和外部环境等深层因素的影响。

At the end of 1960s, Mexico fell into a severe social crisis suddenly in the modernization. The new administration of President Luis Echeverria carried out a series process of accelerating of social and economic policies beneficial to the public to tackle the crisis and began to open politics and diversify diplomacy as well. Some policies made achievements in the early 1970s, but the resistance of the private sectors and the foreign capital caused the failure of the tax reform. Echeverria had to turn to financial deficit and foreign debt. Ultimately, the ＂shared development＂ strategy went bankrupt. From the origin of this crisis and execution of policies of Echeverria administration, we can realize： economic and social equalities should not be promoting economic growth; the political development should keep pace with economic mixed economic system, the constraint of the private section and foreign capital should be the government working for the social development goals; and what＇s more, the used at a high economic cost; current interest should not be populism changes; neglected in and in the fully considered while policies should not be emphasized at the expense of long-run interest; at last, when studying ＂pendulum effect＂ of the government policies, we should take in--depth factors such as the interest groups and external environment into consideration.