山东山旺蝉类和蝽类昆虫化石

FOSSIL INSECTS OF CICADA (HOMOPTERA) AND TRUE BUGS (HETEROPTERA) FROM SHANWANG, SHANDONG

一、前言山旺位于山东省临朐县城东22km,是世界上最著名的化石产地之一。这里的中新世山旺组硅藻土页岩中富含种类繁多,保存完美的化石。山旺昆虫化石的研究,不但在恢复中新世山旺地区古地理、古气候和古沉积环境等方面有重要意义,而且对找寻与硅藻土矿等有关的国民经济急需的矿产资源也有一定的作用。

As one of the most famous fossil localities in the world, Shanwang lies 22 km east of Linqu County town in Shandong of China. There are a large number of fairly well-preserved insect fossils embedded in the diatomite shales of the Miocene Shanwang Formation. This paper deals with 6 species (including 5 new species) separately belonging to Meimuna Distant (Cicadidae, Homoptera), Carbula St(?)l (Pentatomidae, Heteroptera), Claresmus St(?)l, Plinaohtus St(?)l (Coreidae, Heteroptera) and Reduvius Lamarck (Reduviidae, Heteroptera). All the specimens described here are conserved in Shandong Geological Museum. Description of new genus and species Family Cicadidae Latreille, 1802 Genus Meimuna Distant, 1905 Meimuna miocenica sp. nov. (P1.Ⅰ, figs. 1, 2; text-figs. 1, 2) Description: Body 42.5mm in length; tegmen 34.7mm in preserved length; hind wing 23.2mm in length. Body stout, rather large in size. Head triangular; distance between eyes 1.3 times as long as head. Pronotum trapezoid, with posterior margin broader than anterior margin. Cruciform structure rarely preserved. Abdomen suboval, 8-segmented, broader than thorax, 1.3 times as long as the distance from apex of head to cruciform structure, with last two segments large, triangular, longer than 5th—6th segments combined. Operculum and tympanal covering ill-preserved. Tegmen andhind wing hyaline. Distal half of costa and apex of tegmen missing. Cell R elongate and narrow, 8.8 times as long as broad. Vein M forking into veins M_(1+2) and M_(3+4) beyond basal third of cell R; both branches forming a rather acute angle. Cross vein r-m somewhat shorter than part of vein M_(1+2) between the fork of vein M and the junction with cross vein r-m. Distal part of cell 1R_5 missing. Cell 1M_2 elongate and narrow, 6.7 times as long as broad. Cross vein m distinctly shorter than cross vein m-cu; the latter running wave-shaped. Distal parts of cells M_1 and 2M_2 missing Cells M_5 and M_4 elongate. Vein CuA_1 straight, not curved beyond cross vein m-cu. Cell 2cua considerably elongate, nearly as long as cell lena; both of them triangular in shape. Hind wing elongate and narrow. Cell 2R_3 fairly elongate and narrow, becoming narrower distally. Others (cells 2R_5, M_1, M_5 and M_4) elongate and narrow. Cell 2cua broader than cell 2R_5, nearly as broad as cell lcua. Part of vein M_1 bordering on cells 1R_5 and M_1 shorter than cross vein r-m, but longer than cross vein m-cu. Anal area beyond vein 1A folding upward. Comparison: This new species is closely similar to Meimuna protopalifera Fujiyama, an early Miocene species discovered from Nasu of Japan, but differs from the latter mainly in the straight vein CuA_1 the tegmen not curved upward, the part of vein M, bordering on cells 1R_5 and M_1 shorter than cross vein r-m in hind wing, and the rather large size. Family Pentatomidae Leach, 1815 Genus Carbula St(?)l, 1864 Carbula aff. crassiventris (Dallas) (P1.Ⅰ, fig. 3; text-fig. 3) Description: Body yellowish brown in color, 13.7mm in preserved length, and 10.2mm in preserved breadth. Apical half of head missing. Eyes moderat ly large, circular. Promuscis long and thin, attaining to posterior coxae. Lateral angles of pronotum produced laterally, somewhat curved upward. Scutellum longer than broad. Genital segment nearly semicircular. Body clothed with coarse punctures, but polished and bare near apex and lateral margins of abdomen. In characters the present specimen almost wholly agrees with those specimens of the modern species Carbular crassiventris (Dallas), especially those commonly found from Hainan Province and Taiwan Province of China, but the sole difference from the living specimens lies in the large size. So the present writers are inclined to assign the fossil specimen to C. crassiventris as an affinis species. Family Coreidae Leach, 1815 Genus Cloresmus St(?)l, 1873 Cloresmus ambimodestus sp. nov.(P1. Ⅱ, fig. 1; text-fig. 4) Description: Body dark brown in color, 18.2mm in length; antenna 10.3mm in length. Head triangular. Eyes circular. Promuscis with the 1st segment reaching to middle part of eye and noticeably shorter than the 2nd segment. Antennae dark brown but basal half of the 4th one yellowish brown in color; the 1st one shorter than the 2nd, the latter nearly as long as the 3rd one; the 4th one about as long as the 2nd and the 3rd combined. Anterior and middle legs with femora a little longer and broader than tibiae, dark brown in color; tibiae reddish brown; tarsi with first two segments yellowish brown and the last one dark brown in color. Posterior femora conspicuously elongate and stout; tibiae elongate and thin, armed at least on middle part of inner edge with small teeth. Mesothorax shorter than prothorax; the latter shorter than metathorax. Abdomen with upper part missing, consisting of 5 segments, with basal 4 segments subequal in length, and last one small. Comparison: Cloresmus ambimodestus sp. nov. is very close to C. modestus Stal, but can be distinguished from the latter by the 2nd antennal segment about as long as the 3rd; and by the femora, tibiae and tarsi of anterior and middle legs appearing different in color. Genus Plinachtus St(?)l, 1873 Plinachtus fossilis sp. nov. (P1.Ⅰ, fig. 4; text-fig. 5) Description: Length of body 19.65mm; length of hemelytron 14.74mm. Head 1.49mm long, obtusely triangular. Antennae dark brown but basal half of the 2nd segment reddish brown in color, with the 1st one (4.70mm) somewhat stouter and longer than the 2nd (4.48mm), both of them a little broadening apically, not tricarinate in shape; the 3rd and 4th ones missing. Promuscis stout, at least overreaching mesothorax, with distal part unpreserved. Pronotum rather elongate and narrow, triangular in lateral view, while propleuron broad; both of them reddish brown in color and densely clothed with black punctures. Legs ill-preserved, black but distal half of tibia yellowish brown in color, with femora appearing to be elongately cylindrical; posterior femora only somewhat stouter and longer than anterior and middle ones. Abdomen black in color, nearly elongate-oval, 6-segmented. Hemelytra yellowish brown; corium and clavus clothed with blackish brown punctures, and darker in color than membrane, the latter with at least 10 longitudinal veins running subparallel. Comparison: The present species is allied to Plinachtus bicoloripes Scott, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the 2nd antennal segment which is shorter than the 1st one, with basal half in light color, the femora appearing black, and the large size. Family Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 Genus Reduvius Lamarck, 1801 Reduvius distomus sp. nov. (P1.Ⅱ, figs. 2, 3; text-fig. 6) Description: Body 13.69mm in length and about 4.10mm in breadth. Head small, elliptic, 1.91mm in length. Eyes ill-preserved, appearing to be very minute, subcircular. Antennae rather elongate and thin, 5.9 times as long as head. Promuscis yellowish brown in color, short and massive, shorter than head. Pronotum length 2.19mm; breadth between anterior angles 0.89mm; breadth between humeral angles 2.87mm; anterior lobe one-third as long as posterior lobe. Scutellum large, with distal part ill-preserved. Anterior femora stouter than middle and posterior ones, with tibiae elongate and thin; distal part missing. Middle femora stouter and shorter than posterior ones, with tibiae elongate and thin, not shorter than femora. Posterior tibiae extraordinarily elongate and thin, distinctly longer than femora. Hemelytra with basal and apical parts of corium while inner lateral angle of membrane junction with clavus dark brown in color; others (median part of corium and most part of membrane) light yellowish brown in color, with two closed cells on membrane. Abdomen elliptic, stout, broader than thorax, 6-segmented, with a single subcircular brown spot on median portion of 4th and 6th abdominal segments. Comparison: The new fossil form is closely related to Reduvius ruficeps Hsiao, an extant species from Yunnan of China. However, R. diatomus sp. nov. is different from the latter in the darker-colored pattern of body, the rather elongate antennae, the light yellowish brown hemelytra and the special distribution of spots on corium and membrane. Reduvius shandongianus sp. nov. (P1 Ⅲ, figs. 1—4; text-figs. 7, 8) Description: Length of body 14.61mm; length of antenna 8.52mm. Head large, subtriangular in lateral view, 2.70mm in length. Eyes large, oval. Promuscis barely longer than head, with a length of 0.85mm, 1.30mm,0.90mm. Antennae 3.15times as long as head, with a length of 2.15mm, 2.15mm, 1.64mm, 2.78mm. Pronotum with anterior lobe far shorter than posterior lobe. Posterior femora elongate cylindrical, nearly as broad as tibiae. Hemelytra 10.81mm long, with corium brown but apical part dark brown in color; membrane light yellowish brown but inner lateral angle junction with clavus dark brown in color, with two closed cells. Abdomen elongate elliptic, 5-segmented. Comparison: This new species closely resembles Reduvius diatomus sp. nov. described above, but the latter has large head and eyes, much shorter antennae, and entirely darker coloration of corium.