社会学制度主义的政治行动逻辑观——“适合性逻辑”探析

On the Logic of Political Action of the Sociological Institutionalism

制度与个人行为之间的关系是新制度主义的核心问题,在西方历史上二者之关系曾出现过整体主义、神秘主义、自由主义和行为主义特征。新制度主义通过算计途径和文化途径解决二者关系,前者发展成为结果性逻辑和理性选择新制度主义,主张个人理性和集合制度;后者发展成为适合性逻辑和社会学制度主义,主张集体理性和整合制度。社会学制度主义者认为适合性逻辑是政治行动的基本逻辑,制度既适应环境和集体行为,也改造着环境和个人行为,是消极制度和积极制度的统一。社会秩序是制度分析中的突出主题。从适合性逻辑出发,培养有知识的公民和促进合作及发展社会资本是维持秩序的重要途径。

The relationship between institution and individual action is the core problem of the new institutionalism, which once showed characters of wholism, mysticism, Liberalism and individualism in the West countries history. The new institutionalism deals with it both by calculus approach which develops into Logic of Consequentiality and rational choice institutionalism, advocating individual rationality and aggregative institution, and by cultural approach which develops into the Logic of Appropriateness and socialism institutionalism, advocating collective rationality and integrative institution. The Sociological Institutionalists March and Olsen think that the Logic of Appropriateness is the basic logic of political action, and that institutions not only adapt to environment and collective action but also affect environment and individual action, united by the passive institution and the positive institution. Social order is the main thrust of institution analysis. Educating individuals into knowledgeable citizens and improving cooperation as well as developing social capital are important ways to perverse order.