从神仙信仰的发展看汉代养生文化的兴衰

A Study on the Prosperity and Decline of the Culture of Keeping in Good Health through the Development of the Immortal Belief

汉代神仙信仰的发展与养生文化的兴衰相反相成。汉初,神仙信仰陷入低谷,社会上却出现了养生热潮;武帝时期求仙热潮达到前所未有的高度,养生却鲜有史料提及;武帝以后,求仙热潮消退,神仙信仰通过理论化、宗教化向道教的方向发展,养生文化再次兴盛,并形成天地人一体同源同构共生互感的养生理论。汉代养生文化与神仙信仰相反相成发展的深层动因是人们对生命永恒的不懈追求,正是人们对不死成仙的渴望使服食、导引等对养生效果明显的养生术在汉代极受重视,而辟谷、食气等虽然因为理论上的成熟一直被用于养生与成仙,但却从来不受重视。

The development of the immortal belief of Han Dynasty and the culture of keeping in good health were both opposite and complementary to each other. In the beginning of the dynasty,the immortal belief was on the decline while the culture of keeping in good health was quite prosperous. During the emperor Han Wudi period,the great upsurge in seeking the immortal rose to the never-heard-before level. After Han Wudi,the upsurge faded away. So as a result, the culture once again got prosperous and the theory of the culture with the characteristic of the heaven, the earth and the human beings having the same origin, the same structure and interacting with each other. This kind of development was rooted in the unremitting pursuing everlasting life. It was the longing for everlasting life that made the effective arts of the eating something special, gymnastics very important.