摘要
本研究项目研究有关1850～2000年赫尔辛基水保护战略决策的历史。我们确定了发生在该研究时段内5大战略决策。结果表明,战略决策是在平均延续20～30年的长期政策循环中逐渐形成的。新的政策循环是由范例更换引起的。范例是当各界必须行动起来解决共同和复杂的环境问题时有所帮助的、了解现实的共用的主要方式。然而,范例的内部结构和外在动态是矛盾的。尽管范例最初是充当重新定义问题、找到创造性解决办法的手段,但随着时间的推移,每一个范例似乎也变成了限制引进新的思维方式和行为方式的障碍。范例的力量在于它们可根据情况被定义为科学的,以及社会的、政治的或文化的协议。
The study examines the history of strategic decision-making concerning water protection in Helsinki,1850-2000.We identified five major strategic decisions that occurred during the study period.The results indicate that strategic decision-making evolves in long-term policy cycles that last on average 20-30 years.New policy cycles are caused by paradigm shifts. Paradigms are shared and predominant ways of understanding reality that help when groups must act to solve common and complex environmental problems.However the internal structure and external dynamics of paradigms are contradictory.Although paradigms serve initially as means to redefine problems and find creative solutions,as time goes by each paradigm seems to become also a barrier that restricts the introduction of new ways of thinking and acting.The power of paradigms lies in the fact that they can be defined as scientific but also social,political,or cultural agreements depending on the context.
