用交往权力制衡社会权力——重评哈贝马斯的商议民主理论

Balancing the Social Powers with the Communicative Power: A Reappraisal of Habermas's Theory of Deliberative Democracy

哈贝马斯通过方法论上的商谈模型的建构,区分了影响民主商谈过程的两种不同的社会因素:一种是通过反思地加以调节的文化因素,一种是通过政治和法律控制的社会权力因素。在哈贝马斯看来,尽管社会权力因素受到了政治和法律的控制,它们还会影响民主商谈过程,而自由的、公开的商谈会制约它们的影响力。商议民主和经济学民主、选择民主以及法团主义的差别在于,商议民主把政治权力看作是交往权力转化的结果,而其他的民主理论则把政治权力看作是社会权力相互制衡的结果,从而使民主政治失去了社会整合的功能。

With methodologically constructed discourse model, Habermas distinguished two different social elements which affect the deliberative democracy: the cultural element which could be regulated reflectively and the element of social powers which could be controlled by political power and law. According to Habermas, although social powers could be controlled by political power and law, it could still affect the process of democratic discourse, and the free, open discourse could restrict its influence. The difference between deliberative democracy and economic democracy, elective democracy, corporatism is that the deliberative democracy regards the political power as the result of transformation of communicative power, and the other theory of democracy regards the political power as the result of mutual balance of social powers. Thus it makes the democratic politics lose its function of social integration.